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<p>This work surveys the historical and conceptual struggle between realism and anti-realism in quantum mechanics, focusing on the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) paradox, hidden-variable interpretations, and Bell’s inequalities. Beginning with the landmark critique by von Neumann on hidden variable theories and the revival of nonlocal determinism in Bohm’s pilot-wave model, the study examines Bell’s 1964 theorem, its challenge to local realism, and its later extension through GHZ states that establish deterministic contradictions without relying on inequalities. The review further addresses major experimental tests—photon-based, ion-trap, and hybrid platforms—that progressively closed key loopholes (detection, locality, freedom-of-choice, and coincidence-time). Despite the empirical demise of local hidden variables, de Broglie-Bohm’s theory and recent Planck-scale deterministic proposals (such as ’t Hooft’s) remain viable realist frameworks. In conclusion, although local realism appears incompatible with observed quantum phenomena, nonlocal realism remains a plausible interpretive stance, and the choice between emergent indeterminism and deeper deterministic structures remains unresolved. </p>

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A Bell Rings: The Hunt for Hidden Variables in Quantum Mechanics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月17日

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  • Carlos Bonin

摘要

This work surveys the historical and conceptual struggle between realism and anti-realism in quantum mechanics, focusing on the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) paradox, hidden-variable interpretations, and Bell’s inequalities. Beginning with the landmark critique by von Neumann on hidden variable theories and the revival of nonlocal determinism in Bohm’s pilot-wave model, the study examines Bell’s 1964 theorem, its challenge to local realism, and its later extension through GHZ states that establish deterministic contradictions without relying on inequalities. The review further addresses major experimental tests—photon-based, ion-trap, and hybrid platforms—that progressively closed key loopholes (detection, locality, freedom-of-choice, and coincidence-time). Despite the empirical demise of local hidden variables, de Broglie-Bohm’s theory and recent Planck-scale deterministic proposals (such as ’t Hooft’s) remain viable realist frameworks. In conclusion, although local realism appears incompatible with observed quantum phenomena, nonlocal realism remains a plausible interpretive stance, and the choice between emergent indeterminism and deeper deterministic structures remains unresolved.