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Objective <p>Formalin is a readily soluble chemical used in laboratories for preservation as it can fix the live cells without further damage. Their use as a sanitizing agent and a major food adulterant is also known. It is widely used for different purposes due to its preservation capacity, but continuous exposure to formalin may result in various health-related issues leading to death. The houseflies are one of the first organisms to come upon decaying matter, so they were chosen as a model to study and detect the formalin vapors. In our studies, we focused on standardizing sedation techniques of the Housefly, <i>Musca domestica</i> L., before the principal area of study. A major part of the study was to determine the cardiac electrophysiological response of the houseflies toward the formalin vapors and its coordination with the nervous system.</p> Methods <p>Rapid cold hardening (RCH), CO<sub>2</sub> anesthesia, and a combination of RCH + CO<sub>2</sub> are the different anesthetic techniques used in the experiment analysis. Different concentrations of formalin (10, 25, 100, and 250&#xa0;µl of 100%) were employed to understand the lethality of male and female houseflies. 0.0035&#xa0;µl/ml sublethal concentration of formalin was used for the electrocardiac response analysis in <i>M. domestica</i>, and experiment analysis was conducted in PowerLab 8/35 PLD version 2.1.4.0 machine; AD instrument,</p> Results <p>Compared to other anesthetic techniques, CO<sub>2</sub> is the best anesthetic techniques. We found that the formalin vapors have an immediate effect on male and female houseflies in a varied pattern where females were resilient to change for a prolonged period which corresponds to the sedation behaviors of the same. These vapors were responsible for the change in frequency as well as the amplitude of the cardiac output.</p> Conclusion <p>Our study is one of the first attempts to investigate the cardiac effects of formalin on houseflies, which makes the study exploratory. This study confirmed that smallest amount of formalin vapors alter the cardiac response in houseflies. These kinds of impact may occur in higher organisms. Therefore, we recommend further studies and tests to understand the physiological and biochemical processes at the cellular level.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Electrophysiological cardiac response of housefly, Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera: Muscidae) exposed to brief sublethal formalin vapor

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月29日

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  • Mariette Ann Paul,
  • P. P. Anand,
  • Y. Shibu Vardhanan

摘要

Objective

Formalin is a readily soluble chemical used in laboratories for preservation as it can fix the live cells without further damage. Their use as a sanitizing agent and a major food adulterant is also known. It is widely used for different purposes due to its preservation capacity, but continuous exposure to formalin may result in various health-related issues leading to death. The houseflies are one of the first organisms to come upon decaying matter, so they were chosen as a model to study and detect the formalin vapors. In our studies, we focused on standardizing sedation techniques of the Housefly, Musca domestica L., before the principal area of study. A major part of the study was to determine the cardiac electrophysiological response of the houseflies toward the formalin vapors and its coordination with the nervous system.

Methods

Rapid cold hardening (RCH), CO2 anesthesia, and a combination of RCH + CO2 are the different anesthetic techniques used in the experiment analysis. Different concentrations of formalin (10, 25, 100, and 250 µl of 100%) were employed to understand the lethality of male and female houseflies. 0.0035 µl/ml sublethal concentration of formalin was used for the electrocardiac response analysis in M. domestica, and experiment analysis was conducted in PowerLab 8/35 PLD version 2.1.4.0 machine; AD instrument,

Results

Compared to other anesthetic techniques, CO2 is the best anesthetic techniques. We found that the formalin vapors have an immediate effect on male and female houseflies in a varied pattern where females were resilient to change for a prolonged period which corresponds to the sedation behaviors of the same. These vapors were responsible for the change in frequency as well as the amplitude of the cardiac output.

Conclusion

Our study is one of the first attempts to investigate the cardiac effects of formalin on houseflies, which makes the study exploratory. This study confirmed that smallest amount of formalin vapors alter the cardiac response in houseflies. These kinds of impact may occur in higher organisms. Therefore, we recommend further studies and tests to understand the physiological and biochemical processes at the cellular level.

Graphical abstract