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Background <p>Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common metabolic complication of pregnancy associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Emerging evidence suggests that foetal sex may influence maternal glucose metabolism through placental hormonal and inflammatory pathways; however, published findings remain inconsistent.</p> Objective <p>To evaluate the association between foetal sex and maternal glycaemic severity as well as neonatal birth weight among women with GDM.</p> Methods <p>This retrospective observational study included 172 women diagnosed with GDM at tertiary care centres in India. Maternal age, body mass index (BMI), gravida/parity status, HbA1c, neonatal sex, and birth weight were extracted from medical records. GDM was diagnosed using Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group India (DIPSI) criteria. Comparisons between male and female foetus groups were performed using independent <i>t</i>-tests. Multivariable linear regression analyses adjusted for maternal age and BMI were used to evaluate associations with HbA1c and birth weight.</p> Conclusion <p>Foetal sex was not significantly associated with maternal HbA1c levels or neonatal birth weight in this cohort of women with GDM. While these findings suggest that foetal sex may not be a major determinant of these outcomes under routine clinical management, small associations cannot be excluded. Further prospective studies with comprehensive metabolic and neonatal outcome assessment are warranted.</p>

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Does foetal sex influence maternal glycemic severity and perinatal parameters in gestational diabetes mellitus? A retrospective observational study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月30日

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  • Rajeev Chawla,
  • Shalini Jaggi,
  • Pikee Saxena,
  • Sunil Gupta,
  • Chahat Jaggi,
  • Yejoor Chawla,
  • Shubhaa Chawla

摘要

Background

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common metabolic complication of pregnancy associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Emerging evidence suggests that foetal sex may influence maternal glucose metabolism through placental hormonal and inflammatory pathways; however, published findings remain inconsistent.

Objective

To evaluate the association between foetal sex and maternal glycaemic severity as well as neonatal birth weight among women with GDM.

Methods

This retrospective observational study included 172 women diagnosed with GDM at tertiary care centres in India. Maternal age, body mass index (BMI), gravida/parity status, HbA1c, neonatal sex, and birth weight were extracted from medical records. GDM was diagnosed using Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group India (DIPSI) criteria. Comparisons between male and female foetus groups were performed using independent t-tests. Multivariable linear regression analyses adjusted for maternal age and BMI were used to evaluate associations with HbA1c and birth weight.

Conclusion

Foetal sex was not significantly associated with maternal HbA1c levels or neonatal birth weight in this cohort of women with GDM. While these findings suggest that foetal sex may not be a major determinant of these outcomes under routine clinical management, small associations cannot be excluded. Further prospective studies with comprehensive metabolic and neonatal outcome assessment are warranted.