Objective The current study's goal was to investigate the relationship between phosphorus, calcium, and lipid profiles and the onset and progression of diabetic retinopathy in Iraqi patients. Methods The study involved 90 males, divided into two groups: 30 individuals were controls, and 60 patients had type 2 diabetic retinopathy (30 diabetic retinopathy and 30 non-diabetic retinopathy). Results According to the findings, patients with type 2 diabetes (diabetic retinopathy and non-diabetic retinopathy) had mean HbA1c levels that were higher—9.583 ± 0.35% and 8.713 ± 0.32%, respectively, at (p < 0.001), the control group's percentage was 4.463 ± 0. 417. There are highly significant differences between these groups, at mean triglyceride 320.93 ± 21.87 mg/dL, 233.05 ± 20.00 mg/dL, respectively, than the control 166.11 ± 25.37 mg/dL at (p < 0.002). Cholesterol had highly significant differences (p < 0.03) among the two groups, high in the T2DM patients and lower in the control group, with mean 186.523 ± 8.427 mg/dL, 181.937 ± 7.710 mg/dL, 155.620 ± 9.777 mg/dL respectively. The phosphor showed less significant differences between DNR and control at mean 4.439 ±.143 mg/dL and 4.135 ±.123 mg/dL. Still, it showed higher significant differences with DR 3.762 ±.113 mg/dL at (p < 0.002). Also, there were lower significant differences between these groups; the T2DM patients showed a low increase in mean LDL 95.649 ± 6.219 mg/dL and 96.189 ± 5.689 mg/dL, respectively, compared with control 90.662 ± 7.215 mg/dL. In comparison, HDL showed no significant differences among the two groups (DNR&DR) and control 34.401 ± 1.649 mg/dL, 35.741 ± 1.508 mg/dL, and 35.358 ± 1.913 mg/dL, respectively. Our results can be explained by no significant differences between these groups of calcium level (DNR&DR) compared to control at mean 9.764 ±.162 mg/dL, 9.764 ±.162 mg/dL, and 9.618 ±.188 mg/dL, respectively at (p < 0. 199). On the other hand, the results found no influence on Body Mass Index BMI on (HbA1c%, lipid profile (mg/dL), and serum of calcium (mg/dL) and phosphorus (mg/dL). Finally, the result showed a highly significant age effect on HbA1c% at p < 0.006 and phosphorus at p < 0. 010, then no influence of age on lipid profile and calcium. Conclusion The lipid profile showed highly significant differences between these groups, while the phosphorus showed less significant differences between DNR and the control but higher significant differences with DR. On the other hand, the calcium level did not differ between T2DM and the control.

Association of lipid profile, calcium, and phosphorus with development of diabetic retinopathy in Iraqi patients

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发表日期：

2025年4月16日

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Maha R. Ghreeb,
Mohammed Q. Al-Ani,
Huda M. Mahmood

摘要

Objective

The current study's goal was to investigate the relationship between phosphorus, calcium, and lipid profiles and the onset and progression of diabetic retinopathy in Iraqi patients.

Methods

The study involved 90 males, divided into two groups: 30 individuals were controls, and 60 patients had type 2 diabetic retinopathy (30 diabetic retinopathy and 30 non-diabetic retinopathy).

Results

According to the findings, patients with type 2 diabetes (diabetic retinopathy and non-diabetic retinopathy) had mean HbA1c levels that were higher—9.583 ± 0.35% and 8.713 ± 0.32%, respectively, at (p < 0.001), the control group's percentage was 4.463 ± 0. 417. There are highly significant differences between these groups, at mean triglyceride 320.93 ± 21.87 mg/dL, 233.05 ± 20.00 mg/dL, respectively, than the control 166.11 ± 25.37 mg/dL at (p < 0.002). Cholesterol had highly significant differences (p < 0.03) among the two groups, high in the T2DM patients and lower in the control group, with mean 186.523 ± 8.427 mg/dL, 181.937 ± 7.710 mg/dL, 155.620 ± 9.777 mg/dL respectively. The phosphor showed less significant differences between DNR and control at mean 4.439 ±.143 mg/dL and 4.135 ±.123 mg/dL. Still, it showed higher significant differences with DR 3.762 ±.113 mg/dL at (p < 0.002). Also, there were lower significant differences between these groups; the T2DM patients showed a low increase in mean LDL 95.649 ± 6.219 mg/dL and 96.189 ± 5.689 mg/dL, respectively, compared with control 90.662 ± 7.215 mg/dL. In comparison, HDL showed no significant differences among the two groups (DNR&DR) and control 34.401 ± 1.649 mg/dL, 35.741 ± 1.508 mg/dL, and 35.358 ± 1.913 mg/dL, respectively. Our results can be explained by no significant differences between these groups of calcium level (DNR&DR) compared to control at mean 9.764 ±.162 mg/dL, 9.764 ±.162 mg/dL, and 9.618 ±.188 mg/dL, respectively at (p < 0. 199). On the other hand, the results found no influence on Body Mass Index BMI on (HbA1c%, lipid profile (mg/dL), and serum of calcium (mg/dL) and phosphorus (mg/dL). Finally, the result showed a highly significant age effect on HbA1c% at p < 0.006 and phosphorus at p < 0. 010, then no influence of age on lipid profile and calcium.

Conclusion

The lipid profile showed highly significant differences between these groups, while the phosphorus showed less significant differences between DNR and the control but higher significant differences with DR. On the other hand, the calcium level did not differ between T2DM and the control.