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<p>The effective valorization of food waste into bioenergy presents a viable solution aligned with circular economy and renewable energy goals. This review comparatively evaluates thermochemical technologies, including incineration, pyrolysis, gasification, and hydrothermal carbonization, and biochemical technologies such as anaerobic digestion, fermentation, and microbial fuel cells for food waste-to-bioenergy conversion. Comparative assessments highlight the strengths and limitations of each method in terms of energy output, environmental impact, cost-effectiveness, and scalability. Furthermore, the review examines the role of emerging smart technologies, including Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, blockchain, and digital systems, in improving process automation, waste monitoring, optimization, and resource management. Recent studies demonstrate that AI-assisted optimization can improve anaerobic digestion efficiency by up to 18%, while ML-based prediction models achieved approximately 92% accuracy in identifying high-energy organic waste fractions. In addition, AI-driven waste segregation and monitoring systems can significantly reduce operational inefficiencies and greenhouse gas emissions associated with poor waste management practices. Policy-based case studies indicate that structured regulatory frameworks and financial incentives can achieve food waste recycling efficiencies exceeding 95% and improve large-scale waste-to-energy implementation. However, challenges, including high capital investment, policy fragmentation, limited digital infrastructure, and inadequate stakeholder coordination, continue to hinder commercialization and scalability. Therefore, this review proposes an integrated techno-digital-policy framework to improve energy recovery, operational efficiency, and environmental sustainability in food waste-to-bioenergy systems.</p>

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Smart valorization of food waste for sustainable bioenergy production: a review of emerging technologies and policy strategies

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月17日

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  • Arzo Rani,
  • Abhinav Goel,
  • Anand Chauhan,
  • Vinti Gupta

摘要

The effective valorization of food waste into bioenergy presents a viable solution aligned with circular economy and renewable energy goals. This review comparatively evaluates thermochemical technologies, including incineration, pyrolysis, gasification, and hydrothermal carbonization, and biochemical technologies such as anaerobic digestion, fermentation, and microbial fuel cells for food waste-to-bioenergy conversion. Comparative assessments highlight the strengths and limitations of each method in terms of energy output, environmental impact, cost-effectiveness, and scalability. Furthermore, the review examines the role of emerging smart technologies, including Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, blockchain, and digital systems, in improving process automation, waste monitoring, optimization, and resource management. Recent studies demonstrate that AI-assisted optimization can improve anaerobic digestion efficiency by up to 18%, while ML-based prediction models achieved approximately 92% accuracy in identifying high-energy organic waste fractions. In addition, AI-driven waste segregation and monitoring systems can significantly reduce operational inefficiencies and greenhouse gas emissions associated with poor waste management practices. Policy-based case studies indicate that structured regulatory frameworks and financial incentives can achieve food waste recycling efficiencies exceeding 95% and improve large-scale waste-to-energy implementation. However, challenges, including high capital investment, policy fragmentation, limited digital infrastructure, and inadequate stakeholder coordination, continue to hinder commercialization and scalability. Therefore, this review proposes an integrated techno-digital-policy framework to improve energy recovery, operational efficiency, and environmental sustainability in food waste-to-bioenergy systems.