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<p>This study aimed to develop a new freeze-dried grafted chitosan-salicylaldehyde/algae/zeolite bio-composite (CT_SAL/AL/ZOL) adsorbent for the removal of cationic Brilliant Green (BG) dye from liquid phase media. A systematic optimization of the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to conduct the effects of A: CT_SAL/AL/ZOL dosage (0.02–0.1&#xa0;g), B: pH (4–10), and C: duration (20–180&#xa0;min) on the adsorption performance of the adsorbent toward BG dye. Furthermore, desirability model analysis was employed to estimate the optimal condition for all parameters. The adsorption isotherms, kinetics, thermodynamics, and reusability were thoroughly evaluated. The developed biocomposite demonstrates a preferable BG adsorption capability of <i>q</i><sub><i>max</i></sub> of 177.5&#xa0;mg/g at a CT_SAL/AL/ZOL dose of 0.092&#xa0;g and pH 7.3 based on the desirability function of BBD test results. The adsorption profile aligned more accurately with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, while the equilibrium conditions of the adsorption profile were appropriately described with the Freundlich isotherm model. Multiple intermolecular interactions such as electrostatic, H-bonding, Yoshida-H bonding, and n-π interactions, participate in the adsorption of BG dye onto CT_SAL/AL/ZOL surface. This study offers a bio-composite adsorbent that can potentially be applied for the removal of BG hazardous dye from aqueous media.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Freeze-dried grafted chitosan-salicylaldehyde/algae/zeolite by hydrothermal process for optimized removal of brilliant green dye: Response surface methodology application

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月18日

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  • Aiman Suhaimi,
  • Ali H. Jawad,
  • Norshahidatul Akmar Mohd Shohaimi,
  • Lee D. Wilson,
  • Zeid A. Alothman

摘要

This study aimed to develop a new freeze-dried grafted chitosan-salicylaldehyde/algae/zeolite bio-composite (CT_SAL/AL/ZOL) adsorbent for the removal of cationic Brilliant Green (BG) dye from liquid phase media. A systematic optimization of the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to conduct the effects of A: CT_SAL/AL/ZOL dosage (0.02–0.1 g), B: pH (4–10), and C: duration (20–180 min) on the adsorption performance of the adsorbent toward BG dye. Furthermore, desirability model analysis was employed to estimate the optimal condition for all parameters. The adsorption isotherms, kinetics, thermodynamics, and reusability were thoroughly evaluated. The developed biocomposite demonstrates a preferable BG adsorption capability of qmax of 177.5 mg/g at a CT_SAL/AL/ZOL dose of 0.092 g and pH 7.3 based on the desirability function of BBD test results. The adsorption profile aligned more accurately with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, while the equilibrium conditions of the adsorption profile were appropriately described with the Freundlich isotherm model. Multiple intermolecular interactions such as electrostatic, H-bonding, Yoshida-H bonding, and n-π interactions, participate in the adsorption of BG dye onto CT_SAL/AL/ZOL surface. This study offers a bio-composite adsorbent that can potentially be applied for the removal of BG hazardous dye from aqueous media.

Graphical abstract