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<p>The development of sustainable extraction processes for valuable bioactive compounds from biomass is gaining increasing attention. This study introduces, for the first time, an ultrasound-assisted extraction method using hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDESs) for the efficient extraction of triterpenoids from <i>Forsythiae Fructus</i>. Various green solvents were evaluated, with menthol-valeric acid proving highly effective in extracting betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, and ursolic acid. Response surface methodology identified the optimal extraction conditions as a Val-to-Men ratio of 1.25&#xa0;mol/mol, a liquid-to-solid ratio of 26.3&#xa0;mL/g, an extraction time of 42&#xa0;min, and an extraction temperature of 70&#xa0;°C, yielding a triterpenoid extraction efficiency of 12.93 ± 0.08&#xa0;mg/g. A second-order kinetic model was further applied to elucidate the extraction mechanism, revealing a diffusion-controlled process with an activation energy of 9.51&#xa0;kJ/mol. Triterpenoids were successfully recovered from the extracts via solid–liquid extraction using macroporous resins, achieving a recovery efficiency of 91.44% and a triterpenoid content of 61.29%. Process sustainability was confirmed through the recyclability of both the solvent and the resins over three successive extraction–recovery cycles. Additionally, the greenness of the proposed extraction method achieved a high AGREEprep score of 0.80. These findings provide pioneering insights into the application of HDESs for triterpenoid extraction from <i>Forsythiae Fructus</i>, contributing to the advancement of greener extraction strategies.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Ultrasound-assisted hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents combined with macroporous resins for the extraction and recovery of triterpenoids from Forsythiae Fructus

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月7日

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  • Nhan Trong Le,
  • Linh Nhat Thi Nguyen,
  • Hoai Thi Nguyen

摘要

The development of sustainable extraction processes for valuable bioactive compounds from biomass is gaining increasing attention. This study introduces, for the first time, an ultrasound-assisted extraction method using hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDESs) for the efficient extraction of triterpenoids from Forsythiae Fructus. Various green solvents were evaluated, with menthol-valeric acid proving highly effective in extracting betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, and ursolic acid. Response surface methodology identified the optimal extraction conditions as a Val-to-Men ratio of 1.25 mol/mol, a liquid-to-solid ratio of 26.3 mL/g, an extraction time of 42 min, and an extraction temperature of 70 °C, yielding a triterpenoid extraction efficiency of 12.93 ± 0.08 mg/g. A second-order kinetic model was further applied to elucidate the extraction mechanism, revealing a diffusion-controlled process with an activation energy of 9.51 kJ/mol. Triterpenoids were successfully recovered from the extracts via solid–liquid extraction using macroporous resins, achieving a recovery efficiency of 91.44% and a triterpenoid content of 61.29%. Process sustainability was confirmed through the recyclability of both the solvent and the resins over three successive extraction–recovery cycles. Additionally, the greenness of the proposed extraction method achieved a high AGREEprep score of 0.80. These findings provide pioneering insights into the application of HDESs for triterpenoid extraction from Forsythiae Fructus, contributing to the advancement of greener extraction strategies.

Graphical Abstract