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<p>With the rapidly growing global population and industrial production, the agroindustrial waste generation has escalated significantly. Within this framework, the citrus industry produces significant quantities of residues that remain largely underutilized, despite their rich chemical composition. Notably, citrus wax—a byproduct of winterizing essential oils—is often discarded as undesirable sludge. However, this byproduct contains a diverse array of bioactive compounds with promising potential. This review consolidates the limited but pertinent literature regarding the origin, physicochemical properties, and chemical composition of citrus wax. This waste contains 22 notable bioactive compounds, including terpenes, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and fatty acid derivatives, all of which exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. These compounds are relevant to the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, agricultural, and industrial sectors. Furthermore, the review explores both established and emerging valorization strategies for citrus wax within the context of a circular economy and biorefinery. It proposes practical approaches to incorporating citrus wax into sustainable production chains, enabling the recovery of high-value chemicals and biofuels. Ultimately, this review positions citrus wax as an overlooked yet potentially transformative feedstock for biorefineries, offering a comprehensive overview of industrial processing techniques, a summary of recognized applications, and an in-depth discussion of waste reduction through the sustainable utilization of citrus wax for value creation and environmental benefit.</p>

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Citrus wax, a promising source of bioactive compounds for industrial and pharmaceutical applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月13日

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  • Ariel García-Cruz,
  • Mariela Oliva-Rodríguez,
  • José Luis Martínez-Hernández,
  • Alejandra Oliva-Rodríguez,
  • Javier Perales-Medina,
  • Lourdes Díaz-Jiménez,
  • Cristóbal Noe Aguilar-González,
  • Salvador Carlos-Hernández,
  • Anna Iliná

摘要

With the rapidly growing global population and industrial production, the agroindustrial waste generation has escalated significantly. Within this framework, the citrus industry produces significant quantities of residues that remain largely underutilized, despite their rich chemical composition. Notably, citrus wax—a byproduct of winterizing essential oils—is often discarded as undesirable sludge. However, this byproduct contains a diverse array of bioactive compounds with promising potential. This review consolidates the limited but pertinent literature regarding the origin, physicochemical properties, and chemical composition of citrus wax. This waste contains 22 notable bioactive compounds, including terpenes, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and fatty acid derivatives, all of which exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. These compounds are relevant to the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, agricultural, and industrial sectors. Furthermore, the review explores both established and emerging valorization strategies for citrus wax within the context of a circular economy and biorefinery. It proposes practical approaches to incorporating citrus wax into sustainable production chains, enabling the recovery of high-value chemicals and biofuels. Ultimately, this review positions citrus wax as an overlooked yet potentially transformative feedstock for biorefineries, offering a comprehensive overview of industrial processing techniques, a summary of recognized applications, and an in-depth discussion of waste reduction through the sustainable utilization of citrus wax for value creation and environmental benefit.