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<p>The escalating global waste crisis, particularly the challenge of environmentally friendly disposal of hazardous scheduled waste, demands exploring innovative technologies that convert waste into valuable energy resources. Traditional disposal methods such as landfilling and incineration are environmentally detrimental, uneconomical, and fail to recover valuable resources. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), a thermochemical process conducted in a subcritical water medium (180–250&#xa0;°C, 2–10&#xa0;MPa) under autogenous pressure, can be adopted as a pivotal waste-to-energy conversion technology to enhance resource recovery, safely dispose of scheduled wastes, and curb environmental degradation. The resulting hydrochar is a carbonaceous material with a wide range of applications in energy, agriculture, and environmental remediation. The study emphasizes co-hydrothermal carbonization (co-HTC), combining scheduled waste with lignocellulosic biomass, and conclusively highlights its synergistic effects leading to increased carbon content, better organic retention, enhancement of energy yield, and effective removal of inorganics such as chlorine from polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-containing scheduled waste. This paper explores the potential of hydrochar as a clean solid fuel alternative to conventional non-renewable energy resources, highlighting its high carbon content (50–80%) and hydrophobic nature, which contribute to reduced greenhouse gas emissions, climate change mitigation, and the promotion of a circular economy. This review illustrates a novel approach to valorizing scheduled waste through co-hydrothermal carbonization with lignocellulosic biomass, a process previously unexplored for this waste stream, offering valuable insights to guide future research aimed at enhancing its scalability and impact.</p>

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Carbonizing the unwanted: sustainable energy recovery from scheduled waste via co-hydrothermal carbonization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月19日

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  • Zill-e Huma,
  • Mei Yin Ong,
  • Jassinnee Milano,
  • Chung Hong Tan,
  • Hwai Chyuan Ong,
  • Noor-e-Hira,
  • Shaliza Ibrahim,
  • Saifuddin Nomanbhay

摘要

The escalating global waste crisis, particularly the challenge of environmentally friendly disposal of hazardous scheduled waste, demands exploring innovative technologies that convert waste into valuable energy resources. Traditional disposal methods such as landfilling and incineration are environmentally detrimental, uneconomical, and fail to recover valuable resources. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), a thermochemical process conducted in a subcritical water medium (180–250 °C, 2–10 MPa) under autogenous pressure, can be adopted as a pivotal waste-to-energy conversion technology to enhance resource recovery, safely dispose of scheduled wastes, and curb environmental degradation. The resulting hydrochar is a carbonaceous material with a wide range of applications in energy, agriculture, and environmental remediation. The study emphasizes co-hydrothermal carbonization (co-HTC), combining scheduled waste with lignocellulosic biomass, and conclusively highlights its synergistic effects leading to increased carbon content, better organic retention, enhancement of energy yield, and effective removal of inorganics such as chlorine from polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-containing scheduled waste. This paper explores the potential of hydrochar as a clean solid fuel alternative to conventional non-renewable energy resources, highlighting its high carbon content (50–80%) and hydrophobic nature, which contribute to reduced greenhouse gas emissions, climate change mitigation, and the promotion of a circular economy. This review illustrates a novel approach to valorizing scheduled waste through co-hydrothermal carbonization with lignocellulosic biomass, a process previously unexplored for this waste stream, offering valuable insights to guide future research aimed at enhancing its scalability and impact.