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<p><i>Increasing disposal of toxic dye wastewater from various industries causes a major environmental concern.</i> This study investigates the utilization of <i>Ziziphus lotus</i> seeds (ZS) as a lignin source for preparing activated carbon (AC) and treating Congo red (CR) dye with this AC. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) was used as an activating agent. The optimization was performed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to investigate the impact of the impregnation ratio A, the activation time (min) B, and the activation temperature (°C) C. The optimal AC was characterized by Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier-Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), ZS was also characterized by ATR-FTIR. The batch adsorption of CR dye onto the optimal AC, by varying the pH, the contact time, the temperature, the AC dose, and the initial concentration of CR. The results show that the maximum adsorption rate (85.34%) was reached under activation at 550&#xa0;°C, for an activation duration of 120&#xa0;min and an impregnation ratio of 3:1. For the adsorption experiments, the optimal operating conditions were pH = 4, a contact time of 80&#xa0;min, an adsorbent dose of 0.4&#xa0;g/L, and a solution temperature of 50&#xa0;°C. The equilibrium data were revealed to be more accurately described by the Freundlich isotherm model (R² = 0.996). Furthermore, the kinetics were found to be consistent with a pseudo-second-order model at the initial concentrations of 20&#xa0;mg/L and 40&#xa0;mg/L.</p>

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Utilization of Ziziphus Lotus seeds as a lignin source for activated carbon preparation and congo red dye adsorption: optimization, kinetic behavior, isothermal models, and thermodynamic properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月27日

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  • Aboubacar Sidigh Sylla,
  • Mohssine Ghazoui,
  • Aziz Ihammi,
  • Ilham Kirm,
  • Mohammed Chigr

摘要

Increasing disposal of toxic dye wastewater from various industries causes a major environmental concern. This study investigates the utilization of Ziziphus lotus seeds (ZS) as a lignin source for preparing activated carbon (AC) and treating Congo red (CR) dye with this AC. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) was used as an activating agent. The optimization was performed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to investigate the impact of the impregnation ratio A, the activation time (min) B, and the activation temperature (°C) C. The optimal AC was characterized by Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier-Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), ZS was also characterized by ATR-FTIR. The batch adsorption of CR dye onto the optimal AC, by varying the pH, the contact time, the temperature, the AC dose, and the initial concentration of CR. The results show that the maximum adsorption rate (85.34%) was reached under activation at 550 °C, for an activation duration of 120 min and an impregnation ratio of 3:1. For the adsorption experiments, the optimal operating conditions were pH = 4, a contact time of 80 min, an adsorbent dose of 0.4 g/L, and a solution temperature of 50 °C. The equilibrium data were revealed to be more accurately described by the Freundlich isotherm model (R² = 0.996). Furthermore, the kinetics were found to be consistent with a pseudo-second-order model at the initial concentrations of 20 mg/L and 40 mg/L.