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<p>Biomass-based fuels are regarded as greener, renewable, and sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels, contributing to a reduced carbon footprint. However, the direct use of biomass for fuel may disrupt food and oxygen supplies. Agricultural residues, such as rice straw (RS), a by-product of cereal cultivation, are an underutilised resource for bio-oil production. Rice straw conversion into bio-oil faces challenges, including high water content and oxygenated compounds, which reduce fuel quality. The co-pyrolysis of rice straw (RS) with waste plastics, such as polypropylene (PP), offers a viable solution for improving the yield and quality of biochar. This study investigated the catalytic co-pyrolysis of RS and PP using an economical cement catalyst in a fixed-bed reactor. Under optimal process conditions, a 1:1 blend ratio (3&#xa0;g: 3&#xa0;g) yielded 55.7 wt% liquid fuels, 23.5 wt% gases, and 20.8 wt% biochar. Co-feeding PP enhanced the liquid fuel yield by 15.6% and reduced the biochar yield by 7.3%, whereas an RS: PP ratio of 1:3 further increased the liquid yield to 72.2 wt% and enriched the gas phase with hydrocarbons (CH<sub>4</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>). The cement during co-pyrolysis significantly improved the gas yield to 28.4 wt% and reduced water content in bio-oil from 27% to nearly zero. The pyrolysis of rice straw alone generated 88.91 mL/g of carbon dioxide, whereas co-pyrolysis with a 3:1 polypropylene-rice straw mixture reduced emissions to 21.20 mL/g. This significant reduction highlights co-pyrolysis as an effective strategy for minimizing greenhouse gas emissions and reduction in carbon footprints, promoting sustainable waste management and eco-friendly bio-oil production.These findings demonstrate the potential of catalytic co-pyrolysis for converting agricultural residues and plastic waste into high-quality, sustainable fuels, providing a pathway for waste valorization and energy production.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Cement-catalyzed co-pyrolysis of rice straw (RS) and waste polypropylene (PP): a carbon footprint reduction strategy for enhanced bio-oil and fuel gases production

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月26日

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  • Ikram Uddin,
  • Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar,
  • Muhammad Naeem Nizam,
  • Jamil Ahmad,
  • Muhammad Fazal Haq,
  • Nadia Bashir,
  • Zahid Hussain,
  • Muhammad Sohail

摘要

Biomass-based fuels are regarded as greener, renewable, and sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels, contributing to a reduced carbon footprint. However, the direct use of biomass for fuel may disrupt food and oxygen supplies. Agricultural residues, such as rice straw (RS), a by-product of cereal cultivation, are an underutilised resource for bio-oil production. Rice straw conversion into bio-oil faces challenges, including high water content and oxygenated compounds, which reduce fuel quality. The co-pyrolysis of rice straw (RS) with waste plastics, such as polypropylene (PP), offers a viable solution for improving the yield and quality of biochar. This study investigated the catalytic co-pyrolysis of RS and PP using an economical cement catalyst in a fixed-bed reactor. Under optimal process conditions, a 1:1 blend ratio (3 g: 3 g) yielded 55.7 wt% liquid fuels, 23.5 wt% gases, and 20.8 wt% biochar. Co-feeding PP enhanced the liquid fuel yield by 15.6% and reduced the biochar yield by 7.3%, whereas an RS: PP ratio of 1:3 further increased the liquid yield to 72.2 wt% and enriched the gas phase with hydrocarbons (CH4, C2H4, C2H6). The cement during co-pyrolysis significantly improved the gas yield to 28.4 wt% and reduced water content in bio-oil from 27% to nearly zero. The pyrolysis of rice straw alone generated 88.91 mL/g of carbon dioxide, whereas co-pyrolysis with a 3:1 polypropylene-rice straw mixture reduced emissions to 21.20 mL/g. This significant reduction highlights co-pyrolysis as an effective strategy for minimizing greenhouse gas emissions and reduction in carbon footprints, promoting sustainable waste management and eco-friendly bio-oil production.These findings demonstrate the potential of catalytic co-pyrolysis for converting agricultural residues and plastic waste into high-quality, sustainable fuels, providing a pathway for waste valorization and energy production.

Graphical Abstract