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<p>Mango peel, a common agricultural byproduct, is often discarded despite its potential as a valuable source of bioenergy and other applications. This study investigates the effects of process parameters on the demineralization and torrefaction of raw mango peel (RMP) to enhance its suitability as a renewable energy source. Specifically, we examine the effects of acid leaching using various acids followed by torrefaction. The results show that acid leaching with 0.001&#xa0;M HCl was more effective than sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and nitric acid (HNO₃) in reducing the ash content of RMP, with the highest recovery of lignocellulosic components. The optimal torrefaction conditions for acid-treated mango peel (MP-HCl) were 275&#xa0;°C for 30&#xa0;min, producing torrefied mango peel (TMP) with minimal mass loss and enhanced elemental carbon per unit mass. Proximate analysis revealed a 43.92% reduction in ash content in MP-HCl, while Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) showed reductions in calcium and magnesium concentrations, from 73.36 to 49.38&#xa0;mg/100&#xa0;g in RMP to 5.07–4.28&#xa0;mg/100&#xa0;g in MP-HCl. Ultimate analysis demonstrated a 9.62% increase in carbon content in MP-HCl and a further 23.79% increase in TMP per unit mass. Higher heating values (HHV) improved from 16.67&#xa0;MJ/kg in RMP to 18.52&#xa0;MJ/kg in MP-HCl, and 21.83&#xa0;MJ/kg in TMP. Chemical composition and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) highlighted reductions in hemicellulose in MP-HCl, with complete removal of hemicellulose in TMP. Based on atomic H/C as a function of O/C, the Van Krevelen diagram positioned TMP close to low-quality coal.</p>

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Demineralization and torrefaction of mango peel waste: effect of process parameters

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月6日

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  • Ayesha Masroor,
  • Muhammad Zubair Umar,
  • Muhammad Ashraf,
  • Zaheer Aslam,
  • Subhan Azeem,
  • Umair Aslam,
  • Nubla Mahmood,
  • Mansour K. Gatasheh,
  • Muhammad Bilawal Junaid

摘要

Mango peel, a common agricultural byproduct, is often discarded despite its potential as a valuable source of bioenergy and other applications. This study investigates the effects of process parameters on the demineralization and torrefaction of raw mango peel (RMP) to enhance its suitability as a renewable energy source. Specifically, we examine the effects of acid leaching using various acids followed by torrefaction. The results show that acid leaching with 0.001 M HCl was more effective than sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and nitric acid (HNO₃) in reducing the ash content of RMP, with the highest recovery of lignocellulosic components. The optimal torrefaction conditions for acid-treated mango peel (MP-HCl) were 275 °C for 30 min, producing torrefied mango peel (TMP) with minimal mass loss and enhanced elemental carbon per unit mass. Proximate analysis revealed a 43.92% reduction in ash content in MP-HCl, while Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) showed reductions in calcium and magnesium concentrations, from 73.36 to 49.38 mg/100 g in RMP to 5.07–4.28 mg/100 g in MP-HCl. Ultimate analysis demonstrated a 9.62% increase in carbon content in MP-HCl and a further 23.79% increase in TMP per unit mass. Higher heating values (HHV) improved from 16.67 MJ/kg in RMP to 18.52 MJ/kg in MP-HCl, and 21.83 MJ/kg in TMP. Chemical composition and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) highlighted reductions in hemicellulose in MP-HCl, with complete removal of hemicellulose in TMP. Based on atomic H/C as a function of O/C, the Van Krevelen diagram positioned TMP close to low-quality coal.