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<p>Low-cost and easily recoverable adsorbents are urgently needed for efficient treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater. In this study, a green magnetic duckweed-derived adsorbent (MDW) was synthesized via co-precipitation of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles (NPs) onto dried duckweed using ascorbic acid (AA) as a reducing agent. The MDW exhibited a maximum methylene blue (MB) adsorption capacity of 78.59&#xa0;mg/g under optimal conditions of pH 10, 50&#xa0;mg/L initial MB concentration, 10&#xa0;mg adsorbent dosage, and 60&#xa0;min contact time, achieving a removal efficiency of 85.27%. Kinetic analysis showed that adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order (PSO) model (R² &gt; 0.999), while equilibrium data were best described by the Temkin isotherm model, indicating heterogeneous surface interactions. Thermodynamic analysis revealed an exothermic and spontaneous process with negative ΔG° values across the temperature range of 298–318&#xa0;K. The MDW retained over 69% of its initial removal efficiency after five regeneration cycles, confirming good reusability. Cost analysis estimated the synthesis cost at approximately RM 29.51/kg, highlighting economic feasibility. These findings demonstrate that MDW is a sustainable, low-cost, and magnetically recoverable adsorbent with strong potential for scalable wastewater treatment applications.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Duckweed-derived magnetic adsorbent for efficient removal of methylene blue

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月26日

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  • Kelly Wong Kai Seng,
  • Alvin Lim Teik Zheng,
  • Karen Bulan Jeffrey,
  • Tan Toh Hii,
  • Eric Lim Teik Chung,
  • Jacqueline Lease,
  • Yoshito Andou

摘要

Low-cost and easily recoverable adsorbents are urgently needed for efficient treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater. In this study, a green magnetic duckweed-derived adsorbent (MDW) was synthesized via co-precipitation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) onto dried duckweed using ascorbic acid (AA) as a reducing agent. The MDW exhibited a maximum methylene blue (MB) adsorption capacity of 78.59 mg/g under optimal conditions of pH 10, 50 mg/L initial MB concentration, 10 mg adsorbent dosage, and 60 min contact time, achieving a removal efficiency of 85.27%. Kinetic analysis showed that adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order (PSO) model (R² > 0.999), while equilibrium data were best described by the Temkin isotherm model, indicating heterogeneous surface interactions. Thermodynamic analysis revealed an exothermic and spontaneous process with negative ΔG° values across the temperature range of 298–318 K. The MDW retained over 69% of its initial removal efficiency after five regeneration cycles, confirming good reusability. Cost analysis estimated the synthesis cost at approximately RM 29.51/kg, highlighting economic feasibility. These findings demonstrate that MDW is a sustainable, low-cost, and magnetically recoverable adsorbent with strong potential for scalable wastewater treatment applications.

Graphical abstract