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<p>The textile industry generates vast amounts of highly dye-concentrated effluents, prompting the development of efficient, low-cost, and environmentally friendly materials for water remediation. The adsorption technique is an excellent approach due to its simplicity and efficiency. In this study, the adsorptive removal of crystal violet (CV) dye was investigated using agricultural wastes such as soybean curd residue (SCR) and lemon peel waste (LPW), without any chemical modification. The experimental results revealed that SCR achieved 89% removal of CV with an adsorption capacity of 131.64 mg/g, while LPW removed 91% of CV with an adsorption capacity of 71.2 mg/g. Furthermore, it was found that the adsorption of CV by both SCR and LPW follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model. Gibbs free energy change calculations indicated that the sorption process of CV on SCR and LPW is feasible and spontaneous. Both biosorbents demonstrated promising performance (38–90%) in removing various anionic and cationic dyes and exhibited consistent regeneration ability after five cycles. The phytotoxicity test revealed that the solution of CV treated with both biosorbents achieved a 100% germination rate for peas, compared to a 0% germination rate with untreated CV, indicating that the toxicity of CV was significantly reduced after treatment with these sorbents. Additionally, the EcoScale assessment underscores the remarkable environmental compatibility and sustainability of the chemicals and reagents used in this study. Thus, SCR and LPW can serve as alternatives to commercial adsorbents, which are often relatively expensive, for removing CV dye from water bodies.</p>

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Green removal of toxic crystal violet using agricultural wastes: mechanisms, phytotoxicity, economic, and greenness profiling

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月29日

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  • Siti Khalijah Mahmad Rozi,
  • Kiew Yan Qin,
  • Hairul Nazirah Abdul Halim,
  • Maha Mohammad Hussein Al-Rajabi,
  • Ahmad Razali Ishak

摘要

The textile industry generates vast amounts of highly dye-concentrated effluents, prompting the development of efficient, low-cost, and environmentally friendly materials for water remediation. The adsorption technique is an excellent approach due to its simplicity and efficiency. In this study, the adsorptive removal of crystal violet (CV) dye was investigated using agricultural wastes such as soybean curd residue (SCR) and lemon peel waste (LPW), without any chemical modification. The experimental results revealed that SCR achieved 89% removal of CV with an adsorption capacity of 131.64 mg/g, while LPW removed 91% of CV with an adsorption capacity of 71.2 mg/g. Furthermore, it was found that the adsorption of CV by both SCR and LPW follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model. Gibbs free energy change calculations indicated that the sorption process of CV on SCR and LPW is feasible and spontaneous. Both biosorbents demonstrated promising performance (38–90%) in removing various anionic and cationic dyes and exhibited consistent regeneration ability after five cycles. The phytotoxicity test revealed that the solution of CV treated with both biosorbents achieved a 100% germination rate for peas, compared to a 0% germination rate with untreated CV, indicating that the toxicity of CV was significantly reduced after treatment with these sorbents. Additionally, the EcoScale assessment underscores the remarkable environmental compatibility and sustainability of the chemicals and reagents used in this study. Thus, SCR and LPW can serve as alternatives to commercial adsorbents, which are often relatively expensive, for removing CV dye from water bodies.