Cola acuminata husk-activated carbon (CAHAC) was produced using acid activation with H3PO4 to sorb amodiaquine (AMDQ). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and elemental dispersive x-ray (EDX) analyses were used to characterize the raw and activated Cola acuminata husk, respectively. The concentrations of AMDQ adsorbed onto Cola acuminata husk-activated carbon at various operating conditions, including contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial AMDQ concentration, and temperature, were determined from the batch adsorption that was conducted. Langmuir’s model gave the best description of the adsorption process with maximum adsorption capacity <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13399_2025_6661_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="22" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">${q}_{m}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mi>m</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of 31.59 mg g−1 at 303 K and <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13399_2025_6661_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="21" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">${R}^{2}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mrow> <mi>R</mi> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> value of 0.9811. The Dubinin-Raduskevich model revealed that the adsorption process followed a physisorption nature with values of <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13399_2025_6661_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="22" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">${E}_{a}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mi>a</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> < 8 kJ mol−1. The adsorption kinetics also revealed pseudo-second order as the best fit with <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13399_2025_6661_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="21" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">${R}^{2}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mrow> <mi>R</mi> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> values ranging from 0.9603 to 0.9998. Thermodynamic parameters established that the adsorption process is spontaneous with negative standard Gibbs free energy change ∆G values (− 25.75 to 27.66 kJ mol−1), feasible, and endothermic with positive standard enthalpy change (+ 2.89 kJ mol−1). The activation energy values, ranging from 5.41 to 5.58 kJ/mol, indicate that the adsorption process is governed by physisorption nature. Hence, this study established an effective and efficient use of Cola acuminata husk adsorbent for the sorption of amodiaquine.

Removal of amodiaquine from aqueous solution using Cola acuminata husk

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发表日期：

2025年3月5日

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Martha Folasade Adegoke,
Asiata Omotayo Ibrahim,
Olugbenga Solomon Bello

摘要

Cola acuminata husk-activated carbon (CAHAC) was produced using acid activation with H₃PO₄ to sorb amodiaquine (AMDQ). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and elemental dispersive x-ray (EDX) analyses were used to characterize the raw and activated Cola acuminata husk, respectively. The concentrations of AMDQ adsorbed onto Cola acuminata husk-activated carbon at various operating conditions, including contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial AMDQ concentration, and temperature, were determined from the batch adsorption that was conducted. Langmuir’s model gave the best description of the adsorption process with maximum adsorption capacity ${q}_{m}$ $q_{m}$ of 31.59 mg g⁻¹ at 303 K and ${R}^{2}$ $R^{2}$ value of 0.9811. The Dubinin-Raduskevich model revealed that the adsorption process followed a physisorption nature with values of ${E}_{a}$ $E_{a}$ < 8 kJ mol⁻¹. The adsorption kinetics also revealed pseudo-second order as the best fit with ${R}^{2}$ $R^{2}$ values ranging from 0.9603 to 0.9998. Thermodynamic parameters established that the adsorption process is spontaneous with negative standard Gibbs free energy change ∆G values (− 25.75 to 27.66 kJ mol⁻¹), feasible, and endothermic with positive standard enthalpy change (+ 2.89 kJ mol⁻¹). The activation energy values, ranging from 5.41 to 5.58 kJ/mol, indicate that the adsorption process is governed by physisorption nature. Hence, this study established an effective and efficient use of Cola acuminata husk adsorbent for the sorption of amodiaquine.