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<p>Itaconic acid is an unsaturated dicarboxylic acid with significant potential as a biological precursor. It can be a substitute for acrylic and methacrylic acids in the production of plastics. It also serves as a versatile monomer in synthesizing various products, including plastics, paints, paper, textiles, adhesives, and super-absorbent polymers. This versatility makes itaconic acid a highly valuable compound in industrial applications. In this study, powdered fruit peels (apple, banana, mango, pomegranate, and sugarcane bagasse) were utilized as a glucose source for solid-state fermentation (SSF) using <i>Aspergillus niger</i> to produce itaconic acid. Among the tested substrates, <i>Mangifera indica</i> (mango) peels yielded the highest amount of itaconic acid (72.3 mg/g) after four days of incubation, followed by pomegranate peels (66.0 mg/g), banana peels (53.5 mg/g), apple peels (51.3 mg/g), and sugarcane bagasse (9.99 mg/g). To enhance production, response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize bioprocess parameters, including moisture content, inoculum size, pH, incubation duration, and peptone concentration. Under optimized conditions, 60% moisture content, 2 mL inoculum size, pH 4, 0.5% peptone concentration, and 72 h of incubation, mango peels produced the highest itaconic acid yield of 88.8 mg/g. Statistical analysis demonstrated the model's reliability, with an F-value of 6.85, a p-value of 0.01, and an R<sup>2</sup> value of 92.75%, validating the dependability of the findings. The extracted itaconic acid was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), confirming its identity, while High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis determined its purity at 98.74%. This method is significant in addressing environmental and industrial challenges. By repurposing fruit peel waste, a major contributor to environmental pollution, into valuable industrial products, the study highlights the potential for waste valorization and promotes sustainable practices. The findings suggest that this approach could be scaled for commercial production, offering economic and environmental benefits. The use of low-cost, agro-industrial by-products reduces production costs and aligns with global sustainability goals, underscoring the broader implications of this research.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Bioconversion of fruit peels, a waste product of industrial processing into itaconic acid by solid-state fermentation with Aspergillus niger and RSM statistical design to use for optimization process parameters

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月24日

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  • Shagufta Saeed,
  • Seerat Fatima,
  • Rahat Naseer,
  • Sibtain Ahmed,
  • Fariha Arooj,
  • Rida Waseem,
  • Tahir Mehmood

摘要

Itaconic acid is an unsaturated dicarboxylic acid with significant potential as a biological precursor. It can be a substitute for acrylic and methacrylic acids in the production of plastics. It also serves as a versatile monomer in synthesizing various products, including plastics, paints, paper, textiles, adhesives, and super-absorbent polymers. This versatility makes itaconic acid a highly valuable compound in industrial applications. In this study, powdered fruit peels (apple, banana, mango, pomegranate, and sugarcane bagasse) were utilized as a glucose source for solid-state fermentation (SSF) using Aspergillus niger to produce itaconic acid. Among the tested substrates, Mangifera indica (mango) peels yielded the highest amount of itaconic acid (72.3 mg/g) after four days of incubation, followed by pomegranate peels (66.0 mg/g), banana peels (53.5 mg/g), apple peels (51.3 mg/g), and sugarcane bagasse (9.99 mg/g). To enhance production, response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize bioprocess parameters, including moisture content, inoculum size, pH, incubation duration, and peptone concentration. Under optimized conditions, 60% moisture content, 2 mL inoculum size, pH 4, 0.5% peptone concentration, and 72 h of incubation, mango peels produced the highest itaconic acid yield of 88.8 mg/g. Statistical analysis demonstrated the model's reliability, with an F-value of 6.85, a p-value of 0.01, and an R2 value of 92.75%, validating the dependability of the findings. The extracted itaconic acid was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), confirming its identity, while High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis determined its purity at 98.74%. This method is significant in addressing environmental and industrial challenges. By repurposing fruit peel waste, a major contributor to environmental pollution, into valuable industrial products, the study highlights the potential for waste valorization and promotes sustainable practices. The findings suggest that this approach could be scaled for commercial production, offering economic and environmental benefits. The use of low-cost, agro-industrial by-products reduces production costs and aligns with global sustainability goals, underscoring the broader implications of this research.

Graphical Abstract