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<p>In this study, highly efficient CQDs were synthesized using butternut squash peel waste, as a natural and cost-effective carbon precursor by a hydrothermal approach. The synthesized CQDs were successfully characterized by UV–visible spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. The CQDs displayed strong fluorescence when excited at a wavelength of 360 nm with a bright blue color in an aqueous solution. CQDs exhibited spherical shapes with discernible edges, the particle size of 5.92 nm, and a quantum yield of 13.5%. XRD and Raman results indicated that the synthesized CQDs contain crystalline and amorphous components. FTIR analysis confirmed that CQDs have hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups on their surface. The cytotoxicity studies conducted on fibroblast cells demonstrated that the CQDs are non-toxic. The CQDs were assessed for their antioxidant activity using the DPPH assay and EC50 was found to be 2.25 mg/ml. CQDs revealed good antibacterial activity against nine food contaminant bacterial strains (five gram-negative and four gram-positive). This study presents a green and innovative approach for efficiently utilizing the waste produced in the food industry and conversion to CQDs as antioxidants and antimicrobial agents.</p>

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Green synthesis of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) from butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) peel waste: characterization, antibacterial and antioxidant activity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月20日

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  • Nima Mohammad Nejad Khiavi,
  • Mahmood Sowti Khiabani,
  • Reza Rezaei Mokarram,
  • Hamed Hamishekar,
  • Hossein Samadi Kafil

摘要

In this study, highly efficient CQDs were synthesized using butternut squash peel waste, as a natural and cost-effective carbon precursor by a hydrothermal approach. The synthesized CQDs were successfully characterized by UV–visible spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. The CQDs displayed strong fluorescence when excited at a wavelength of 360 nm with a bright blue color in an aqueous solution. CQDs exhibited spherical shapes with discernible edges, the particle size of 5.92 nm, and a quantum yield of 13.5%. XRD and Raman results indicated that the synthesized CQDs contain crystalline and amorphous components. FTIR analysis confirmed that CQDs have hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups on their surface. The cytotoxicity studies conducted on fibroblast cells demonstrated that the CQDs are non-toxic. The CQDs were assessed for their antioxidant activity using the DPPH assay and EC50 was found to be 2.25 mg/ml. CQDs revealed good antibacterial activity against nine food contaminant bacterial strains (five gram-negative and four gram-positive). This study presents a green and innovative approach for efficiently utilizing the waste produced in the food industry and conversion to CQDs as antioxidants and antimicrobial agents.