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<p>Bioactive phyto-components are eco-friendly alternatives to harmful synthetic fungicides. <i>Gymnema sylvestre</i> contains many multifunctional bioactive compounds; however, it is yet to be explored for comprehensive chemical profiling and efficient management of fungal decay in storage. The present study demonstrated optimization of the production of bioactive compounds from <i>G. sylvestre</i> leaves, displaying broad-spectrum efficacy against storage fungi. Ethyl acetate soluble fraction (EAGS) exhibited the highest efficacy against <i>Penicillium expansum</i> 2995 (effective concentration&#xa0;for 50% inhibition (EC<sub>50</sub>) 102.3&#xa0;µg/ml) followed by <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> 8529 (EC<sub>50</sub> 109.5&#xa0;µg/ml), <i>Penicillium digitatum</i> 7910 (EC<sub>50</sub> 201.1&#xa0;µg/ml), <i>Aspergillus parasiticus</i> 6365 (EC<sub>50</sub> 209.6&#xa0;µg/ml) and <i>Fusarium verticillioides</i> 8271 (EC<sub>50</sub> 285.2&#xa0;µg/ml). Response surface methodology (RSM)-based optimization of ultrasonication-assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive phyto-compounds revealed a maximum production of EAGS (106.83&#xa0;mg/g sample) with 50&#xa0;W amplitude, 10.6&#xa0;min time and 20&#xa0;ml solvent/g of sample. Comprehensive phytochemical profiling using UPLC-QToF-MS<sup>E</sup> generated tentative identification of 35 compounds, dominating gymnemic acid VII. Among these, gymnemic acid VII and gymnemagenin were further isolated and characterized using <sup>1</sup>H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), <sup>13</sup>C-NMR and HRMS. The interaction mechanism of the phyto-components, responsible for fungal growth inhibition, was determined using molecular docking analysis and validated with fungal ergosterol biosynthesis and membrane ionic leakage inhibition. Gymnemic acid I (− 33.7&#xa0;kJ/mol) and gymnemagenin (− 31.5&#xa0;kJ/mol) exhibited higher binding affinity with the target-specific protein through conventional hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic pi–alkyl interactions. High-value <i>G. sylvestre</i> phytochemicals could be further exploited to achieve tangible outcomes in managing fungal decay under postharvest storage.</p>

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Optimization of extraction and isolation of Gymnema sylvestre bioactive metabolites for potential antifungal activity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月14日

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  • Shila Neel,
  • Sourabh Suman,
  • Anirban Barik,
  • Abhishek Mandal,
  • Supradip Saha,
  • Biraj Bandhu Basak,
  • Aditi Kundu

摘要

Bioactive phyto-components are eco-friendly alternatives to harmful synthetic fungicides. Gymnema sylvestre contains many multifunctional bioactive compounds; however, it is yet to be explored for comprehensive chemical profiling and efficient management of fungal decay in storage. The present study demonstrated optimization of the production of bioactive compounds from G. sylvestre leaves, displaying broad-spectrum efficacy against storage fungi. Ethyl acetate soluble fraction (EAGS) exhibited the highest efficacy against Penicillium expansum 2995 (effective concentration for 50% inhibition (EC50) 102.3 µg/ml) followed by Aspergillus flavus 8529 (EC50 109.5 µg/ml), Penicillium digitatum 7910 (EC50 201.1 µg/ml), Aspergillus parasiticus 6365 (EC50 209.6 µg/ml) and Fusarium verticillioides 8271 (EC50 285.2 µg/ml). Response surface methodology (RSM)-based optimization of ultrasonication-assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive phyto-compounds revealed a maximum production of EAGS (106.83 mg/g sample) with 50 W amplitude, 10.6 min time and 20 ml solvent/g of sample. Comprehensive phytochemical profiling using UPLC-QToF-MSE generated tentative identification of 35 compounds, dominating gymnemic acid VII. Among these, gymnemic acid VII and gymnemagenin were further isolated and characterized using 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C-NMR and HRMS. The interaction mechanism of the phyto-components, responsible for fungal growth inhibition, was determined using molecular docking analysis and validated with fungal ergosterol biosynthesis and membrane ionic leakage inhibition. Gymnemic acid I (− 33.7 kJ/mol) and gymnemagenin (− 31.5 kJ/mol) exhibited higher binding affinity with the target-specific protein through conventional hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic pi–alkyl interactions. High-value G. sylvestre phytochemicals could be further exploited to achieve tangible outcomes in managing fungal decay under postharvest storage.