<p>Let <i>P</i> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Q \ne 0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>≠</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> be real numbers such that <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(P^2-4Q&gt;0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mi>P</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mo>-</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. The Lucas sequence <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\{U_n\}_{n \ge 0}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is defined by the recurrence relation <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(U_{n+2}=P U_{n+1}- QU_{n}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>P</mi> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>-</mo> <mi>Q</mi> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>&#xa0;<InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((n \ge 0)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(U_0=0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(U_1=1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Kamano introduced the Lucas zeta function <Equation ID="Equ76"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( \Phi ^{(P,Q)}(s):=\sum ^{\infty }_{n=1} \frac{1}{U_n^s}, \qquad \sigma =\hbox {Re} \ s&gt;0, \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>Q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>s</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>:</mo> <mo>=</mo> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mi>∞</mi> </munderover> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msubsup> <mi>U</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>s</mi> </msubsup> </mfrac> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="2em" /> <mi>σ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mtext>Re</mtext> <mspace width="4pt" /> <mi>s</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>and proved that the Lucas zeta function <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Phi ^{(P,Q)}(s)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>Q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>s</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> can be meromorphically continued to the whole <i>s</i>-plane except for some simple poles. Moreover, he discussed the values of <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Phi ^{(P,-1)}(s)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>s</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> at negative integers and found that <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(-m\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(m\ge 0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(m \equiv 2 \ (\bmod \ 4)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>≡</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="4pt" /> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mspace width="0.277778em" /> <mo>mod</mo> <mspace width="0.277778em" /> <mspace width="4pt" /> <mn>4</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> are its integral zeros. In this paper we provide its zero-free regions in the half-plane <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sigma =\hbox {Re}\ s &gt;0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>σ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mtext>Re</mtext> <mspace width="4pt" /> <mi>s</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and consider the zero-free regions in the half-plane <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sigma &lt;0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>σ</mi> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with the assumption <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( Q=\pm 1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>±</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. In the case <InlineEquation ID="IEq16"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Q=1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, we derive that the whole negative real axis is the zero-free interval of <InlineEquation ID="IEq17"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Phi ^{(P,1)}(s)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>s</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for <InlineEquation ID="IEq18"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(P\ge 3\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>P</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and that all the compact subsets of <InlineEquation ID="IEq19"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(H_{-2,0} \cup H_{-4,-2} \cup H_{-6,-4}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>∪</mo> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>∪</mo> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> are the zero-free regions of <InlineEquation ID="IEq20"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Phi ^{(P,1)}(s)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>s</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> if <i>P</i> is large enough, where <InlineEquation ID="IEq21"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(H_{a,b}= \{ s= \sigma +it{:}\, a&lt; \sigma &lt; b\}.\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mi>s</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>σ</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>i</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mi>a</mi> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mi>σ</mi> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> And in the other case <InlineEquation ID="IEq22"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Q=-1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, we derive that <InlineEquation ID="IEq23"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( [-1,0)\cup \mathop {\bigcup } \nolimits _{ n \in \mathbb {N_+}} [ -4n-1,-4n+1 ] \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>∪</mo> <msub> <mo>⋃</mo> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi> <mo>+</mo> </msub> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mi>n</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mi>n</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is the zero-free interval of <InlineEquation ID="IEq24"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Phi ^{(P,-1)}(s)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>s</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for <InlineEquation ID="IEq25"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(P\ge 2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>P</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and that all the compact subsets of <InlineEquation ID="IEq26"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(H_{-2,0} \cup H_{-4,-2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>∪</mo> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> are the zero-free regions of <InlineEquation ID="IEq27"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Phi ^{(P,-1)}(s)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>s</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> if <i>P</i> is large enough.</p>

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Zero-free regions of Lucas zeta function

  • Zhenjiang Pan,
  • Huaning Liu

摘要

Let P and \(Q \ne 0\) Q 0 be real numbers such that \(P^2-4Q>0\) P 2 - 4 Q > 0 . The Lucas sequence \(\{U_n\}_{n \ge 0}\) { U n } n 0 is defined by the recurrence relation \(U_{n+2}=P U_{n+1}- QU_{n}\) U n + 2 = P U n + 1 - Q U n   \((n \ge 0)\) ( n 0 ) with \(U_0=0\) U 0 = 0 and \(U_1=1\) U 1 = 1 . Kamano introduced the Lucas zeta function \( \Phi ^{(P,Q)}(s):=\sum ^{\infty }_{n=1} \frac{1}{U_n^s}, \qquad \sigma =\hbox {Re} \ s>0, \) Φ ( P , Q ) ( s ) : = n = 1 1 U n s , σ = Re s > 0 , and proved that the Lucas zeta function \(\Phi ^{(P,Q)}(s)\) Φ ( P , Q ) ( s ) can be meromorphically continued to the whole s-plane except for some simple poles. Moreover, he discussed the values of \(\Phi ^{(P,-1)}(s)\) Φ ( P , - 1 ) ( s ) at negative integers and found that \(-m\) - m with \(m\ge 0\) m 0 , \(m \equiv 2 \ (\bmod \ 4)\) m 2 ( mod 4 ) are its integral zeros. In this paper we provide its zero-free regions in the half-plane \(\sigma =\hbox {Re}\ s >0\) σ = Re s > 0 and consider the zero-free regions in the half-plane \(\sigma <0\) σ < 0 with the assumption \( Q=\pm 1\) Q = ± 1 . In the case \(Q=1\) Q = 1 , we derive that the whole negative real axis is the zero-free interval of \(\Phi ^{(P,1)}(s)\) Φ ( P , 1 ) ( s ) for \(P\ge 3\) P 3 and that all the compact subsets of \(H_{-2,0} \cup H_{-4,-2} \cup H_{-6,-4}\) H - 2 , 0 H - 4 , - 2 H - 6 , - 4 are the zero-free regions of \(\Phi ^{(P,1)}(s)\) Φ ( P , 1 ) ( s ) if P is large enough, where \(H_{a,b}= \{ s= \sigma +it{:}\, a< \sigma < b\}.\) H a , b = { s = σ + i t : a < σ < b } . And in the other case \(Q=-1\) Q = - 1 , we derive that \( [-1,0)\cup \mathop {\bigcup } \nolimits _{ n \in \mathbb {N_+}} [ -4n-1,-4n+1 ] \) [ - 1 , 0 ) n N + [ - 4 n - 1 , - 4 n + 1 ] is the zero-free interval of \(\Phi ^{(P,-1)}(s)\) Φ ( P , - 1 ) ( s ) for \(P\ge 2\) P 2 and that all the compact subsets of \(H_{-2,0} \cup H_{-4,-2}\) H - 2 , 0 H - 4 , - 2 are the zero-free regions of \(\Phi ^{(P,-1)}(s)\) Φ ( P , - 1 ) ( s ) if P is large enough.