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<p>This study examines the ballistic response of reinforced concrete (RC) targets subjected to hemispherical hard-nosed projectiles through a combination of experimental testing and numerical modelling. Impact experiments were conducted on RC panels with thicknesses of 150, 200, and 250&#xa0;mm using projectiles of approximately 10&#xa0;kg and 20&#xa0;kg at velocities between 100 and 120&#xa0;m/s. These tests were used to assess the influence of target thickness and shear reinforcement on impact resistance and damage patterns. Numerical simulations were carried out in LS-DYNA using the RHT material model for concrete and the Johnson–Cook model for steel reinforcement. The RHT parameters were systematically modified and calibrated against the test results to better represent the failure surface, meridian behaviour, and dynamic strength enhancement. The modified RHT model showed much closer agreement with the experimental observations and with published data for a wide range of target thicknesses. A broader numerical study was then performed by varying the projectile mass (1.5–200&#xa0;kg), projectile diameter (47.5–195&#xa0;mm), and reinforcement configuration. The outcomes from this extended analysis were used to develop new empirical expressions for predicting the ballistic limit (perforation velocity) and residual velocity of both plain and reinforced concrete targets. These proposed equations aligned more closely with the numerical and experimental results than existing models such as CAE–EDF, modified NDRC, and UMIST, providing more reliable tools for the assessment and design of concrete protective structures subjected to high-mass projectile impacts.</p>

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Ballistic Behaviour of Concrete Targets: Experiments, RHT Model Modification, and New Empirical Formulations

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月11日

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  • Ajay Kumar,
  • M. A. Iqbal

摘要

This study examines the ballistic response of reinforced concrete (RC) targets subjected to hemispherical hard-nosed projectiles through a combination of experimental testing and numerical modelling. Impact experiments were conducted on RC panels with thicknesses of 150, 200, and 250 mm using projectiles of approximately 10 kg and 20 kg at velocities between 100 and 120 m/s. These tests were used to assess the influence of target thickness and shear reinforcement on impact resistance and damage patterns. Numerical simulations were carried out in LS-DYNA using the RHT material model for concrete and the Johnson–Cook model for steel reinforcement. The RHT parameters were systematically modified and calibrated against the test results to better represent the failure surface, meridian behaviour, and dynamic strength enhancement. The modified RHT model showed much closer agreement with the experimental observations and with published data for a wide range of target thicknesses. A broader numerical study was then performed by varying the projectile mass (1.5–200 kg), projectile diameter (47.5–195 mm), and reinforcement configuration. The outcomes from this extended analysis were used to develop new empirical expressions for predicting the ballistic limit (perforation velocity) and residual velocity of both plain and reinforced concrete targets. These proposed equations aligned more closely with the numerical and experimental results than existing models such as CAE–EDF, modified NDRC, and UMIST, providing more reliable tools for the assessment and design of concrete protective structures subjected to high-mass projectile impacts.