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<p>A new triphenylamine-benzothiadiazole hydrazone dye (<b>TBC-1</b>) was rationally designed and synthesized to serve as an efficient organic sensitizer for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The molecular design integrates a strong triphenylamine donor, a benzothiadiazole π-spacer, and a hydrazone-linked benzoic acid acceptor, enabling effective modulation of the optical, electrochemical, and photovoltaic properties. The optical absorption of <b>TBC-1</b> exhibits a pronounced intramolecular charge-transfer band with high molar extinction, while electrochemical measurements reveal suitable frontier orbital energy alignment for efficient electron injection into TiO₂ and dye regeneration. The dye was applied in DSSCs using both I⁻/I₃⁻ liquid electrolyte and <b>Spiro-OMeTAD</b> solid-state hole-transport material. Upon co-sensitization with the benchmark dye <b>N719,</b> the photovoltaic performance is significantly enhanced due to complementary light absorption and suppressed charge recombination. The co-sensitized devices deliver power conversion efficiencies of 12.38% with liquid electrolyte and 11.00% in solid-state configuration under AM 1.5G illumination. Remarkably, under indoor illumination of 1000 lx, the <b>TBC-1/N719</b>-based DSSCs achieve a high indoor efficiency of 27.7%, highlighting their excellent low-light harvesting capability. Electrochemical impedance and stability studies further demonstrate reduced recombination kinetics and durable device operation, confirming that the incorporation of <b>TBC-1</b> effectively improves both efficiency and stability in liquid and solid-state DSSCs.</p>

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High-Performance Liquid and HTM-Based Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Enabled by a Triphenylamine–Benzothiadiazole Hydrazone Dye

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月9日

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  • Ali H. Alessa,
  • Hossa F. Alshareef

摘要

A new triphenylamine-benzothiadiazole hydrazone dye (TBC-1) was rationally designed and synthesized to serve as an efficient organic sensitizer for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The molecular design integrates a strong triphenylamine donor, a benzothiadiazole π-spacer, and a hydrazone-linked benzoic acid acceptor, enabling effective modulation of the optical, electrochemical, and photovoltaic properties. The optical absorption of TBC-1 exhibits a pronounced intramolecular charge-transfer band with high molar extinction, while electrochemical measurements reveal suitable frontier orbital energy alignment for efficient electron injection into TiO₂ and dye regeneration. The dye was applied in DSSCs using both I⁻/I₃⁻ liquid electrolyte and Spiro-OMeTAD solid-state hole-transport material. Upon co-sensitization with the benchmark dye N719, the photovoltaic performance is significantly enhanced due to complementary light absorption and suppressed charge recombination. The co-sensitized devices deliver power conversion efficiencies of 12.38% with liquid electrolyte and 11.00% in solid-state configuration under AM 1.5G illumination. Remarkably, under indoor illumination of 1000 lx, the TBC-1/N719-based DSSCs achieve a high indoor efficiency of 27.7%, highlighting their excellent low-light harvesting capability. Electrochemical impedance and stability studies further demonstrate reduced recombination kinetics and durable device operation, confirming that the incorporation of TBC-1 effectively improves both efficiency and stability in liquid and solid-state DSSCs.