<p>Efficient assembly line balancing requires addressing not only cycle time but also ergonomic strain factors affecting workers. This study proposes a fuzzy goal programming (FGP) model that integrates a novel ergonomic risk assessment (ERA) procedure, specifically designed for manual assembly lines, considering eye, hand–arm, trunk, and foot movements. The ERA approach is validated through comparative analysis against established methods, demonstrating its reliability in assessing cumulative ergonomic risks. The proposed model simultaneously minimizes cycle time and balances ergonomic risks across multiple body parts. To solve the FGP model, several approaches are employed, including the weighted method, the Bellman–Zadeh approach, Werners’ method, and Li’s two-step procedure. The comparative results indicate that the weighted approach is most effective in reducing cycle time, whereas Werners’ and Li’s methods provide superior performance in minimizing ergonomic risks. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis is conducted to evaluate the robustness of the proposed approach under varying conditions. A real-world case study in a white goods manufacturing company demonstrates the practical applicability of the model. The findings highlight its effectiveness in improving both production efficiency and the distribution of ergonomic strain, offering valuable insights for decision-makers in repetitive manufacturing environments.</p>