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<p>Two novel triphenylamine-based hydrazone organic sensitizers, <b>TPH-1</b> and <b>TPC-1</b>, were designed and synthesized as co-sensitizers with the benchmark <b>N719</b> dye for high-performance quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (<b>QSSE-DSSCs</b>). Density functional theory (DFT) and reduced density gradient analyses revealed that introducing a cyano-carboxylic dual-acceptor system in <b>TPC-1</b> enhances intramolecular charge transfer and electronic coupling with TiO<sub>2</sub>. Optical and electrochemical studies confirmed the broadened visible-light absorption and favorable energy-level alignment for efficient electron injection and dye regeneration. Under simulated one-sun illumination (AM 1.5G, 100 mW·cm<sup>−2</sup>), the <b>TPC-1/N719</b> device delivered a power conversion efficiency of 11.23%. Notably, under indoor illumination at 1000 lx (0.283 mW·cm<sup>−2</sup>), the <b>QSSE-</b>based <b>TPC-1/N719</b> cell achieved an outstanding light conversion efficiency of 32.7%, which exceeds the most recently reported indoor DSSCs operating under comparable illuminance and spectral conditions. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed suppressed charge recombination and extended electron lifetimes, while thermogravimetric and long-term stability tests demonstrated excellent thermal robustness and over 97% efficiency retention after 300 h of continuous illumination. These results demonstrate that molecular engineering of hydrazone-based triphenylamine sensitizers combined with quasi-solid-state electrolytes provides an effective strategy for simultaneously achieving high efficiency, excellent stability, and state-of-the-art indoor photovoltaic performance in DSSCs.</p>

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Molecular Engineering of Triphenylamine-Based Hydrazone Sensitizers for High-Efficiency and Stable Quasi-Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Achieving 32.7% Indoor Light Conversion Efficiency

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月3日

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  • Zehbah A. Al-Ahmed,
  • Ali H. Alessa

摘要

Two novel triphenylamine-based hydrazone organic sensitizers, TPH-1 and TPC-1, were designed and synthesized as co-sensitizers with the benchmark N719 dye for high-performance quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (QSSE-DSSCs). Density functional theory (DFT) and reduced density gradient analyses revealed that introducing a cyano-carboxylic dual-acceptor system in TPC-1 enhances intramolecular charge transfer and electronic coupling with TiO2. Optical and electrochemical studies confirmed the broadened visible-light absorption and favorable energy-level alignment for efficient electron injection and dye regeneration. Under simulated one-sun illumination (AM 1.5G, 100 mW·cm−2), the TPC-1/N719 device delivered a power conversion efficiency of 11.23%. Notably, under indoor illumination at 1000 lx (0.283 mW·cm−2), the QSSE-based TPC-1/N719 cell achieved an outstanding light conversion efficiency of 32.7%, which exceeds the most recently reported indoor DSSCs operating under comparable illuminance and spectral conditions. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed suppressed charge recombination and extended electron lifetimes, while thermogravimetric and long-term stability tests demonstrated excellent thermal robustness and over 97% efficiency retention after 300 h of continuous illumination. These results demonstrate that molecular engineering of hydrazone-based triphenylamine sensitizers combined with quasi-solid-state electrolytes provides an effective strategy for simultaneously achieving high efficiency, excellent stability, and state-of-the-art indoor photovoltaic performance in DSSCs.