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<p>Channel propagation in the terahertz (THz) band is highly susceptible to various propagation losses, including molecular absorption, blockages, path loss, etc., resulting in restrictions on THz network coverage. However, it remains viable for an indoor environment when the line-of-sight (LOS) path is available. The constraint on THz network coverage highlights the need for the coexistence of multi-band, multi-tier heterogeneous networks (HetNets). We have presented the novel analytical framework of multi-band, multi-tier HetNets consisting of THz, Sub-Terahertz, and millimeter wave tiers and investigated the performance of the system model in terms of user association probabilities, uplink coverage probabilities, and spectral efficiencies. The network performance of the three-tier HetNets has been analyzed by considering various network and environmental conditions, including cell range expansion, practical antenna model, human blockages, small-scale fading, and different path loss exponents. The results highlight the aim to improve access points (APs) load management, where the indoor APs intentionally serve indoor users. These system models find promising applications to enablee mobile broadband plus (eMBBPlus) networks, where indoor users can optimally utilize the advantages of propagation characteristics of the THz band. The results indicate that the system model enhances indoor coverage and reliability by facilitating indoor and outdoor wireless communication.</p>

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Analytical Modeling and Performance Analysis of Uplink Coverage and Capacity of Multi-tier, Multi-band HetNets Incorporating Terahertz Communication

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月7日

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  • Tahniyat Aslam,
  • Irfan Ahmed,
  • Sundus Ali,
  • Faizan Qamar

摘要

Channel propagation in the terahertz (THz) band is highly susceptible to various propagation losses, including molecular absorption, blockages, path loss, etc., resulting in restrictions on THz network coverage. However, it remains viable for an indoor environment when the line-of-sight (LOS) path is available. The constraint on THz network coverage highlights the need for the coexistence of multi-band, multi-tier heterogeneous networks (HetNets). We have presented the novel analytical framework of multi-band, multi-tier HetNets consisting of THz, Sub-Terahertz, and millimeter wave tiers and investigated the performance of the system model in terms of user association probabilities, uplink coverage probabilities, and spectral efficiencies. The network performance of the three-tier HetNets has been analyzed by considering various network and environmental conditions, including cell range expansion, practical antenna model, human blockages, small-scale fading, and different path loss exponents. The results highlight the aim to improve access points (APs) load management, where the indoor APs intentionally serve indoor users. These system models find promising applications to enablee mobile broadband plus (eMBBPlus) networks, where indoor users can optimally utilize the advantages of propagation characteristics of the THz band. The results indicate that the system model enhances indoor coverage and reliability by facilitating indoor and outdoor wireless communication.