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<p>The post-earthquake operability of bakery facilities is essential for sustaining food supply continuity during emergency response, yet many such establishments occupy the ground floors of residential reinforced concrete buildings that were not originally designed to withstand the combined demands of heavy bakery equipment, unauthorized architectural modifications, or sequential seismic-fire hazards. This study presents a multi-hazard, performance-based assessment of a five-story reinforced concrete moment-resisting frame subjected to four progressive conditions: (1) a code-compliant residential building; (2) increased operational mass associated with bakery machinery and storage loads; (3) structural alterations involving ground-floor column removal; and (4) a sequential multi-hazard scenario in which post-earthquake fire damage is applied to the already weakened structure. An integrated analytical framework, combining modal response spectrum analysis, nonlinear static pushover analysis, and nonlinear time-history analysis, was implemented to evaluate changes in stiffness, strength, drift concentration, dynamic properties, and collapse mechanisms across all scenarios. The results reveal a clear and cumulative deterioration in seismic performance as the building transitions from its original residential state to the multi-hazard-damaged configuration. Added mass increases base-shear demand, architectural modifications induce significant stiffness loss and soft-story development, and post-earthquake fire exposure leads to severe thermal degradation of material properties, rapid stiffness reduction, and a marked increase in collapse probability. These findings demonstrate that unregulated conversions of residential structures into bakery facilities introduce substantial multi-hazard vulnerabilities that critically undermine post-disaster functional continuity. The study recommends re-evaluating building importance factors, strengthening fire-safety provisions, and enforcing regulatory control over structural modifications. Overall, this research provides a comprehensive and transferable multi-hazard assessment framework for bakery facilities, addressing a crucial yet understudied component of urban resilience and emergency response planning.</p>

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From Residence to Bakery: Progressive Seismic Vulnerability Due to Functional Conversion and Multi-Hazard Effects

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月18日

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  • Ilyas Saribas

摘要

The post-earthquake operability of bakery facilities is essential for sustaining food supply continuity during emergency response, yet many such establishments occupy the ground floors of residential reinforced concrete buildings that were not originally designed to withstand the combined demands of heavy bakery equipment, unauthorized architectural modifications, or sequential seismic-fire hazards. This study presents a multi-hazard, performance-based assessment of a five-story reinforced concrete moment-resisting frame subjected to four progressive conditions: (1) a code-compliant residential building; (2) increased operational mass associated with bakery machinery and storage loads; (3) structural alterations involving ground-floor column removal; and (4) a sequential multi-hazard scenario in which post-earthquake fire damage is applied to the already weakened structure. An integrated analytical framework, combining modal response spectrum analysis, nonlinear static pushover analysis, and nonlinear time-history analysis, was implemented to evaluate changes in stiffness, strength, drift concentration, dynamic properties, and collapse mechanisms across all scenarios. The results reveal a clear and cumulative deterioration in seismic performance as the building transitions from its original residential state to the multi-hazard-damaged configuration. Added mass increases base-shear demand, architectural modifications induce significant stiffness loss and soft-story development, and post-earthquake fire exposure leads to severe thermal degradation of material properties, rapid stiffness reduction, and a marked increase in collapse probability. These findings demonstrate that unregulated conversions of residential structures into bakery facilities introduce substantial multi-hazard vulnerabilities that critically undermine post-disaster functional continuity. The study recommends re-evaluating building importance factors, strengthening fire-safety provisions, and enforcing regulatory control over structural modifications. Overall, this research provides a comprehensive and transferable multi-hazard assessment framework for bakery facilities, addressing a crucial yet understudied component of urban resilience and emergency response planning.