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<p>Energy efficiency is a significant concern in cognitive radio networks (CRN) due to strict transmit power constraints. Green CRN address this challenge by allowing base stations to enter low-power sleep modes during periods of reduced activity, thereby conserving energy. In addition, efficient spectrum sensing remains crucial for accurately detecting the channel activity while enabling seamless access for secondary packets. This paper proposes an advanced sleep mode (ASM) mechanism for energy conservation that allows the base station (BS) to transition into energy-saving states during low-traffic periods. The ASM strategy is applied to a heterogeneous and unreliable BS within a CRN, utilizing a hybrid spectrum-sharing scheme that merges overlay and underlay methods while considering spectrum sensing errors. We utilized a discrete-time Markov chain (DTMC) model to carry out a time-dependent assessment (transient analysis) of the proposed model. Numerical illustrations are then employed to validate and compare the proposed model with existing models. These numerical results are further validated through discrete event simulation. Finally, using a Pareto optimal solution derived from multi-objective optimization, we demonstrate that the proposed model offers an improved trade-off between energy savings and quality of service (QoS). So, by integrating ASM with optimized spectrum management, the proposed approach minimizes energy waste, improves spectrum utilization, and enhances the overall sustainability of CRN.</p>

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Transient and Multi-Objective Analysis for Energy Efficient, Unreliable CRN with Hybrid Spectrum Access and Imperfect Sensing

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月23日

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  • Ajay Singh,
  • Pooja Yadav,
  • Rakhee Kulshrestha,
  • Aman Kumar

摘要

Energy efficiency is a significant concern in cognitive radio networks (CRN) due to strict transmit power constraints. Green CRN address this challenge by allowing base stations to enter low-power sleep modes during periods of reduced activity, thereby conserving energy. In addition, efficient spectrum sensing remains crucial for accurately detecting the channel activity while enabling seamless access for secondary packets. This paper proposes an advanced sleep mode (ASM) mechanism for energy conservation that allows the base station (BS) to transition into energy-saving states during low-traffic periods. The ASM strategy is applied to a heterogeneous and unreliable BS within a CRN, utilizing a hybrid spectrum-sharing scheme that merges overlay and underlay methods while considering spectrum sensing errors. We utilized a discrete-time Markov chain (DTMC) model to carry out a time-dependent assessment (transient analysis) of the proposed model. Numerical illustrations are then employed to validate and compare the proposed model with existing models. These numerical results are further validated through discrete event simulation. Finally, using a Pareto optimal solution derived from multi-objective optimization, we demonstrate that the proposed model offers an improved trade-off between energy savings and quality of service (QoS). So, by integrating ASM with optimized spectrum management, the proposed approach minimizes energy waste, improves spectrum utilization, and enhances the overall sustainability of CRN.