<p>This manuscript explores the dynamic field of retinal fundus image classification, harnessing diverse machine and deep learning (DL) techniques. It emphasizes the transformative potential of transformer-based architectures, originally designed for natural language processing, in reshaping image classification tasks. These architectures excel in capturing long-range dependencies within images, enhancing the comprehension of complex patterns. The research addresses the persistent challenge of limited training data by introducing innovative data augmentation strategies. A pioneering stacked augmentation approach, incorporating DL-based techniques, refines images at the pixel level, producing nuanced augmented counterparts. Notably, this approach systematically stacks augmented images along the third dimension, enhancing model accuracy while significantly reducing the sample size, expediting the training process. Additionally, the manuscript introduces the Meerkat optimizer, a cooperative multi-agent optimization technique, to enhance the classification accuracy of the squeeze-and-excitation network (SENet). Inspired by Meerkat social behavior, this optimization strategy navigates the solution space efficiently, leading to robust model configurations. Comparative evaluations with traditional optimization techniques validate the superior performance of Meerkat-optimized SENet. In a broader context, the study sheds light on the nuanced behaviors of various transformer networks in retinal fundus image classification, including pyramid vision transformer, bottleneck transformer, convolutional vision transformer, swin transformer, ViT, spatial transformer network (STNet), and SENet. Furthermore, an in-depth analysis of augmentation insights highlights consistent performance improvement across transformer networks when coupled with DL-based augmentation. SENet emerges as a standout performer, showcasing exceptional learning and generalization in diverse augmentation scenarios and datasets. The investigation into decision variables optimization for SENet through the Meerkat optimizer provides detailed insights into the network's behavior, including the selection of squeeze type (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13369_2025_10548_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="15" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$S$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>S</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), excitation operator (<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13369_2025_10548_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$E$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>E</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), and reduction ratio (<InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13369_2025_10548_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="11" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$r$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>r</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), showcasing the adaptability and efficiency of the Meerkat optimization strategy.</p>

Meerkat-Optimized SENet Approach: Advancements in Retinal Fundus Image Augmentation and Classification

期刊论文
发表日期：

2025年8月26日

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Annapareddy V. N. Reddy,
Pradeep Kumar Mallick,
Sachin Kumar,
Debahuti Mishra,
P. Ashok Reddy,
Sambasivarao Chindam

摘要

This manuscript explores the dynamic field of retinal fundus image classification, harnessing diverse machine and deep learning (DL) techniques. It emphasizes the transformative potential of transformer-based architectures, originally designed for natural language processing, in reshaping image classification tasks. These architectures excel in capturing long-range dependencies within images, enhancing the comprehension of complex patterns. The research addresses the persistent challenge of limited training data by introducing innovative data augmentation strategies. A pioneering stacked augmentation approach, incorporating DL-based techniques, refines images at the pixel level, producing nuanced augmented counterparts. Notably, this approach systematically stacks augmented images along the third dimension, enhancing model accuracy while significantly reducing the sample size, expediting the training process. Additionally, the manuscript introduces the Meerkat optimizer, a cooperative multi-agent optimization technique, to enhance the classification accuracy of the squeeze-and-excitation network (SENet). Inspired by Meerkat social behavior, this optimization strategy navigates the solution space efficiently, leading to robust model configurations. Comparative evaluations with traditional optimization techniques validate the superior performance of Meerkat-optimized SENet. In a broader context, the study sheds light on the nuanced behaviors of various transformer networks in retinal fundus image classification, including pyramid vision transformer, bottleneck transformer, convolutional vision transformer, swin transformer, ViT, spatial transformer network (STNet), and SENet. Furthermore, an in-depth analysis of augmentation insights highlights consistent performance improvement across transformer networks when coupled with DL-based augmentation. SENet emerges as a standout performer, showcasing exceptional learning and generalization in diverse augmentation scenarios and datasets. The investigation into decision variables optimization for SENet through the Meerkat optimizer provides detailed insights into the network's behavior, including the selection of squeeze type ( $S$ $S$ ), excitation operator ( $E$ $E$ ), and reduction ratio ( $r$ $r$ ), showcasing the adaptability and efficiency of the Meerkat optimization strategy.