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<p>Amoxicillin (AMOX) in wastewater poses risks to bacterial antibiotic resistance and aquatic ecosystems, as conventional treatment plants struggle to remove it. This study addresses the issue by converting orange peel into activated carbon (OPAC) and modifying its surface with copper (II) nitrate (Cu(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>) to create Cu-OPAC, which effectively adsorbs AMOX from aqueous solution, with Langmuir capacity, Q<sub>m</sub> of 131.65&#xa0;mg/g. Cu-OPAC was produced through physical activation with CO₂ and microwave heating, resulting in a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area, SA<sub>BET</sub> of 745.85&#xa0;m<sup>2</sup>/g and mesopores surface area, and SA<sub>MESO</sub> of 562.85&#xa0;m<sup>2</sup>/g. The best AMOX removal occurred at pH 7 and 30&#xa0;°C, with Cu-OPAC showing 22.14 to 25.99% higher removal than OPAC, confirming the effectiveness of Cu(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> surface modification. Cu-OPAC’s enhanced performance was attributed to ion–dipole interactions in addition to dipole–dipole, hydrogen, and π–π interactions, which OPAC lacked. The AMOX-Cu-OPAC system adhered to Freundlich model, and the kinetics fit the pseudo-second-order model. Via Boyd plot, film diffusion was determined to be the slowest step. A mass transfer model (MTM) was exploited to simulate the adsorption process. The MTM model estimated a surface area, a<sub>m</sub> of 544.65&#xa0;m<sup>2</sup>/g, fitting the actual SA<sub>MESO</sub>, with a small error of 3.34%. The average K<sub>MTM</sub> and k<sub>m</sub> were 0.62&#xa0;s<sup>−1</sup> and 0.00078&#xa0;mg&#xa0;m&#xa0;L<sup>−1</sup>&#xa0;s<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. After three cycles, the regenerated Cu-OPAC retained 52.63% of its yield and 32.38% of its adsorption efficiency. AMOX-Cu-OPAC showed ∆H° of − 7.40&#xa0;kJ/mol (exothermic), ∆S° of 0.07&#xa0;kJ/mol.K (increase randomness), ∆G° of − 27.13&#xa0;kJ/mol (spontaneous), and E<sub>a</sub> of 4.25&#xa0;kJ/mol (physisorption).</p>

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Copper-Modified Surface of Orange Peel-Derived Activated Carbon for Amoxicillin Removal: Mass Transfer Simulation, Attraction Mechanism, and Regeneration Studies

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月31日

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  • Mohamad Firdaus Mohamad Yusop,
  • Md Mamoon Rashid,
  • Mohammad Mahtab Alam,
  • Mohd Azmier Ahmad

摘要

Amoxicillin (AMOX) in wastewater poses risks to bacterial antibiotic resistance and aquatic ecosystems, as conventional treatment plants struggle to remove it. This study addresses the issue by converting orange peel into activated carbon (OPAC) and modifying its surface with copper (II) nitrate (Cu(NO3)2) to create Cu-OPAC, which effectively adsorbs AMOX from aqueous solution, with Langmuir capacity, Qm of 131.65 mg/g. Cu-OPAC was produced through physical activation with CO₂ and microwave heating, resulting in a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area, SABET of 745.85 m2/g and mesopores surface area, and SAMESO of 562.85 m2/g. The best AMOX removal occurred at pH 7 and 30 °C, with Cu-OPAC showing 22.14 to 25.99% higher removal than OPAC, confirming the effectiveness of Cu(NO3)2 surface modification. Cu-OPAC’s enhanced performance was attributed to ion–dipole interactions in addition to dipole–dipole, hydrogen, and π–π interactions, which OPAC lacked. The AMOX-Cu-OPAC system adhered to Freundlich model, and the kinetics fit the pseudo-second-order model. Via Boyd plot, film diffusion was determined to be the slowest step. A mass transfer model (MTM) was exploited to simulate the adsorption process. The MTM model estimated a surface area, am of 544.65 m2/g, fitting the actual SAMESO, with a small error of 3.34%. The average KMTM and km were 0.62 s−1 and 0.00078 mg m L−1 s−1, respectively. After three cycles, the regenerated Cu-OPAC retained 52.63% of its yield and 32.38% of its adsorption efficiency. AMOX-Cu-OPAC showed ∆H° of − 7.40 kJ/mol (exothermic), ∆S° of 0.07 kJ/mol.K (increase randomness), ∆G° of − 27.13 kJ/mol (spontaneous), and Ea of 4.25 kJ/mol (physisorption).