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<p>Current flame retardants (FRs) for cellulosic fabrics are often not halogen-free, formaldehyde-free, efficient, or durable. To address these limitations, phosphorus/nitrogen-rich hyperbranched oligomeric structures were synthesized via condensation polymerization. Owing to their synergistic effect, the phosphorus and nitrogen components enhance FR effectiveness and thermal stability. SEM–EDS, FTIR, and XRD analyses confirmed the surface morphology and successful oligomer deposition. The treated fabric exhibited a 51.52% improvement in thermal protection over pristine cotton and self-extinguished in both vertical and horizontal flame tests. TGA revealed a significant reduction in mass loss, while DSC showed exothermic peaks linked to acid-catalyzed char formation. Cone calorimetry demonstrated a 35% decrease in peak heat release rate and a 31% reduction in total heat released. Fabrics treated with 15% FR achieved limiting oxygen index (LOI) values ranging from 18.2% to 42.3%. The treated cotton retained flame retardancy after 30 washing cycles, indicating strong durability. Moreover, antibacterial activity and the preservation of mechanical strength, stiffness, and air permeability further enhance the functional profile of the flame retardant. This formaldehyde-free synthesis offers a promising solution for advanced workwear applications.</p>

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Hyperbranched Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Rich Polymeric Structures for the Transformation of Cellulosic Textiles into Durable Flame-Retardant and Antimicrobial Surfaces

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月29日

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  • Muhammad Shoaib,
  • Usman Zubair,
  • Amjed Javid

摘要

Current flame retardants (FRs) for cellulosic fabrics are often not halogen-free, formaldehyde-free, efficient, or durable. To address these limitations, phosphorus/nitrogen-rich hyperbranched oligomeric structures were synthesized via condensation polymerization. Owing to their synergistic effect, the phosphorus and nitrogen components enhance FR effectiveness and thermal stability. SEM–EDS, FTIR, and XRD analyses confirmed the surface morphology and successful oligomer deposition. The treated fabric exhibited a 51.52% improvement in thermal protection over pristine cotton and self-extinguished in both vertical and horizontal flame tests. TGA revealed a significant reduction in mass loss, while DSC showed exothermic peaks linked to acid-catalyzed char formation. Cone calorimetry demonstrated a 35% decrease in peak heat release rate and a 31% reduction in total heat released. Fabrics treated with 15% FR achieved limiting oxygen index (LOI) values ranging from 18.2% to 42.3%. The treated cotton retained flame retardancy after 30 washing cycles, indicating strong durability. Moreover, antibacterial activity and the preservation of mechanical strength, stiffness, and air permeability further enhance the functional profile of the flame retardant. This formaldehyde-free synthesis offers a promising solution for advanced workwear applications.