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<p>Pharmaceutical contaminants in wastewater represent a growing environmental concern due to their persistence and potential ecological impacts. This study proposes a sustainable approach by developing copper-doped titanium dioxide (Cu–TiO<sub>2</sub>) nanoparticles for the effective removal of cetirizine hydrochloride (CTZ-H), a widely used antihistamine frequently detected in effluents. Cu–TiO<sub>2</sub> photocatalysts were synthesized via the impregnation method with varying copper loadings (0.5–3&#xa0;wt%) and thoroughly characterized. Their photocatalytic performances were evaluated under natural sunlight, considering the effects of dopant concentration, solution pH, catalyst dosage, and pollutant concentration. Optimal degradation efficiency of 93% was achieved using 0.5&#xa0;wt% Cu–TiO<sub>2</sub> at pH 4.9, a catalyst dose of 100&#xa0;mg/L, and an initial CTZ-H concentration of 10&#xa0;mg/L. Kinetic modeling indicated a pseudo-first-order reaction with a rate constant (k_CTZ-H) of 0.025&#xa0;min⁻<sup>1</sup>. Phytotoxicity assays using lentil seeds demonstrated significantly reduced toxicity of the treated water, supporting its potential for safe environmental discharge or reuse. Additionally, the Support Vector Machine (SVM) model coupled with the Improved Grey Wolf Optimizer (IGWO) accurately predicted photocatalytic degradation outcomes, with a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.9999. These results underscore the promise of Cu-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> as an efficient and eco-friendly photocatalyst for mitigating pharmaceutical pollution in aquatic environments.</p>

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Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Pharmaceutical Pollutants Using Copper-Doped TiO2: Optimization, Machine Learning Integration, and Ecological Safety Assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月6日

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  • Haroun Hafsa,
  • Noureddine Nasrallah,
  • Sara Zeghbib,
  • Mohammed Kebir,
  • Hichem Tahraoui,
  • Amine Aymen Assadi,
  • Lotfi Khezami,
  • AbdulAziz Alghamdi,
  • Nadjib Dahdouh,
  • Sabrina Lekmine,
  • Abdeltif Amrane

摘要

Pharmaceutical contaminants in wastewater represent a growing environmental concern due to their persistence and potential ecological impacts. This study proposes a sustainable approach by developing copper-doped titanium dioxide (Cu–TiO2) nanoparticles for the effective removal of cetirizine hydrochloride (CTZ-H), a widely used antihistamine frequently detected in effluents. Cu–TiO2 photocatalysts were synthesized via the impregnation method with varying copper loadings (0.5–3 wt%) and thoroughly characterized. Their photocatalytic performances were evaluated under natural sunlight, considering the effects of dopant concentration, solution pH, catalyst dosage, and pollutant concentration. Optimal degradation efficiency of 93% was achieved using 0.5 wt% Cu–TiO2 at pH 4.9, a catalyst dose of 100 mg/L, and an initial CTZ-H concentration of 10 mg/L. Kinetic modeling indicated a pseudo-first-order reaction with a rate constant (k_CTZ-H) of 0.025 min⁻1. Phytotoxicity assays using lentil seeds demonstrated significantly reduced toxicity of the treated water, supporting its potential for safe environmental discharge or reuse. Additionally, the Support Vector Machine (SVM) model coupled with the Improved Grey Wolf Optimizer (IGWO) accurately predicted photocatalytic degradation outcomes, with a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.9999. These results underscore the promise of Cu-doped TiO2 as an efficient and eco-friendly photocatalyst for mitigating pharmaceutical pollution in aquatic environments.