<p>The vibration-based structural health monitoring (SHM) and damage detection of bridge structures have been of great importance due to their abilities to assess the long-term performance of bridges. Vibration-based methods are affected by operational factors such as traffic, which can lead to false alarms by causing changes in structural properties. Therefore, addressing and mitigating traffic effects on vibration-based structural damage detection methods is essential. This paper provides a comprehensive review on how traffic affects the vibration properties of bridges and explores methods to accurately detect, localize, and/or identify the severity of damage while considering traffic effects. The paper first discusses the impact of traffic on bridge modal parameters and other damage indices, then explores approaches to consider, eliminate, or mitigate the effects of traffic. Next, different damage detection methods are discussed, including some that aim to eliminate traffic effects before detecting damage, while others that directly detect damage using methods that are robust to traffic effects. A classification system is developed in which methods are categorized based on the overarching approach employed as model-based, data-based, and hybrid. Relationships between damage detection methods and data acquisition methods (direct or indirect) are thoroughly analyzed. The analysis evaluates the effectiveness of these methods for different damage detection levels and applications and identifies future trends to enhance the accuracy of vibration-based damage detection of bridges.</p>