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<p>Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is a recently developed metal additive manufacturing technology that enables the optimization of material properties and structural components according to specific construction requirements. In this study, austenitic stainless steel (308LSi) WAAM EHS (elliptical hollow section) stub column under axial compression has been developed using FE Abaqus software. The parametric study of the WAAM EHS have been done by covering various cross-sectional Classes 1–4, varying aspect ratio (<i>a/b</i> i.e. major axis/ minor axis) 1.2–2.77, length taken approximately twice to thrice the major axis diameter (2a) and thickness ranging 3.5–8&#xa0;mm. Results indicate that ultimate load capacity (<i>P</i><sub><i>u</i></sub>) decreases with increasing aspect ratio, with reduction rates of 6.79–7.82%, 3.92–4.13%, and 5.58–9.62% for aspect ratio increases from 1.2 to 1.67, 1.67 to 2.0, and 2.0 to 2.77, respectively. The FE results were compared against existing stainless steel design standards: EN 1993-1-4 (2023), AISC 370 (2021), and the Continuous Strength Method (CSM) due to lack of design codes specifically for WAAM sections. The CSM demonstrated the highest reliability with a mean FE to capacity prediction ratio of 1.08, while EN 1993-1-4 and AISC 370 yielded conservative predictions with mean ratios of 1.44 and 1.43, respectively. Evaluation of cross-sectional classification systems revealed that EN 1993-1-4 classifications produce overly conservative results for WAAM EHS columns at the current slenderness limit of D<sub>e</sub>/tε<sup>2</sup> = 90, prompting a recommendation for modification. Conversely, the classification criteria in AISC 370 and CSM were found to be satisfactory for WAAM EHS stub columns.</p>

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Structural Behaviour of WAAM Stainless Steel EHS Stub Column

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月17日

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  • Laiphrakpam Indrajit Singh,
  • Khwairakpam Sachidananda

摘要

Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is a recently developed metal additive manufacturing technology that enables the optimization of material properties and structural components according to specific construction requirements. In this study, austenitic stainless steel (308LSi) WAAM EHS (elliptical hollow section) stub column under axial compression has been developed using FE Abaqus software. The parametric study of the WAAM EHS have been done by covering various cross-sectional Classes 1–4, varying aspect ratio (a/b i.e. major axis/ minor axis) 1.2–2.77, length taken approximately twice to thrice the major axis diameter (2a) and thickness ranging 3.5–8 mm. Results indicate that ultimate load capacity (Pu) decreases with increasing aspect ratio, with reduction rates of 6.79–7.82%, 3.92–4.13%, and 5.58–9.62% for aspect ratio increases from 1.2 to 1.67, 1.67 to 2.0, and 2.0 to 2.77, respectively. The FE results were compared against existing stainless steel design standards: EN 1993-1-4 (2023), AISC 370 (2021), and the Continuous Strength Method (CSM) due to lack of design codes specifically for WAAM sections. The CSM demonstrated the highest reliability with a mean FE to capacity prediction ratio of 1.08, while EN 1993-1-4 and AISC 370 yielded conservative predictions with mean ratios of 1.44 and 1.43, respectively. Evaluation of cross-sectional classification systems revealed that EN 1993-1-4 classifications produce overly conservative results for WAAM EHS columns at the current slenderness limit of De/tε2 = 90, prompting a recommendation for modification. Conversely, the classification criteria in AISC 370 and CSM were found to be satisfactory for WAAM EHS stub columns.