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Background <p>In Traditional East Asian Medicine, the concept of ‘static blood’ has long served as a framework for understanding health problems associated with impaired blood circulation or blood stagnation. Although it has guided therapeutic practices for centuries, its definition and clinical relevance remain insufficiently clarified in modern biomedical science.</p> Objective <p>This review aims to bridge traditional and contemporary perspectives by examining the definition, causes, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic criteria of static blood, alongside its modern interpretations, current research approaches, disease associations, and treatment strategies.</p> Results <p>Traditionally, static blood is identified through characteristic signs and symptoms frequently observed in chronic conditions, including cardiovascular disease, stroke, organ dysfunction, and gynecological disorders. From a biomedical standpoint, static blood is increasingly interpreted in relation to impaired circulation, increased blood viscosity, vascular inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and an elevated risk of thrombosis. Recent studies have identified potential biomarkers, such as <span>d</span>-dimer, gelsolin, and inflammatory cytokines, as well as omics-derived candidates, offering insight into its physiological basis and enabling measurable links between traditional diagnosis and modern evidence. However, the current evidence remains limited by insufficient biomarker specificity, heterogeneity in diagnostic criteria, incomplete mechanistic validation, and poor reproducibility across experimental systems.</p> Conclusion <p>Overall, static blood is re-emerging as a meaningful integrative concept that connects traditional medical theory with observable biological mechanisms, supporting a more comprehensive and personalized approach to managing complex chronic diseases. We propose that static blood may be interpreted as a systemic vascular-inflammatory-metabolic network disorder characterized by endothelial dysfunction, hypercoagulability, impaired microcirculation, and immune dysregulation. Further standardization of diagnostic criteria, validation of multidimensional biomarkers, and translational studies are required to enhance the scientific rigor and clinical applicability of the approach.</p>

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Diagnostic indicators and biomarkers of static blood-related disorders: a comprehensive review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月20日

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  • Yun-Mi Kang,
  • Kyungho Kim

摘要

Background

In Traditional East Asian Medicine, the concept of ‘static blood’ has long served as a framework for understanding health problems associated with impaired blood circulation or blood stagnation. Although it has guided therapeutic practices for centuries, its definition and clinical relevance remain insufficiently clarified in modern biomedical science.

Objective

This review aims to bridge traditional and contemporary perspectives by examining the definition, causes, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic criteria of static blood, alongside its modern interpretations, current research approaches, disease associations, and treatment strategies.

Results

Traditionally, static blood is identified through characteristic signs and symptoms frequently observed in chronic conditions, including cardiovascular disease, stroke, organ dysfunction, and gynecological disorders. From a biomedical standpoint, static blood is increasingly interpreted in relation to impaired circulation, increased blood viscosity, vascular inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and an elevated risk of thrombosis. Recent studies have identified potential biomarkers, such as d-dimer, gelsolin, and inflammatory cytokines, as well as omics-derived candidates, offering insight into its physiological basis and enabling measurable links between traditional diagnosis and modern evidence. However, the current evidence remains limited by insufficient biomarker specificity, heterogeneity in diagnostic criteria, incomplete mechanistic validation, and poor reproducibility across experimental systems.

Conclusion

Overall, static blood is re-emerging as a meaningful integrative concept that connects traditional medical theory with observable biological mechanisms, supporting a more comprehensive and personalized approach to managing complex chronic diseases. We propose that static blood may be interpreted as a systemic vascular-inflammatory-metabolic network disorder characterized by endothelial dysfunction, hypercoagulability, impaired microcirculation, and immune dysregulation. Further standardization of diagnostic criteria, validation of multidimensional biomarkers, and translational studies are required to enhance the scientific rigor and clinical applicability of the approach.