Background <p>This review provides an overview of how pesticides, as endocrine disruptors, affect mammary gland tissues and cells, focusing on cellular organelles, and their physiological mechanisms.</p> Objective <p>With the increasing use of pesticides, their persistence in the environment and organisms is a major concern. The intracellular mechanisms underlying the toxicity of pesticides in the mammary gland and their impact on milk production have been investigated.</p> Results <p>Several hormones play important physiological roles to ensure the normal development of lobuloalveolar structures of the mammary glands and perform functions, such as lactation. The mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum are responsible for various physiological functions such as steroid hormone synthesis and metabolism. However, the pesticides as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) could disrupt these cellular physiological functions. We examined the persistence of pesticides that may act as EDCs including insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides, in the environment and milk. In addition, the molecular mechanisms of toxicity examined in previous studies using bovine mammary gland epithelial cells were investigated to understand how these pesticides cause mammary gland dysfunction.</p> Conclusion <p>These findings suggest that many pesticides have adverse physiological effects on the mammary glands and may persist in the milk, posing potential risks to infants and young offspring.</p>