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<p>Polylactide (PLA) faces significant limitations in high-performance applications due to its inherent brittleness, low thermal resistance, and sluggish crystallization kinetics. While binary modifications exist, there is a knowledge gap regarding the synergistic mechanisms of ternary systems involving poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and surface-modified cellulose fibers (CF). This study fabricated the ternary CF/PLA/PHBV composites via melt compounding, incorporating CF modified by planetary ball milling (10, 30, and 60&#xa0;min) at varying contents (4.8 to 20 wt%) into the PLA/PHBV (75:25) matrix. Then, comprehensive characterization was performed using DSC, XRD, POM, and TGA to evaluate its crystalline structure and thermal properties. The results revealed that PHBV and modified CF acted as effective heterogeneous nucleating agents, significantly accelerating crystallization kinetics. The cold crystallization temperature (Tc) decreased from 130.8&#xa0;°C in neat PLA to 103.3&#xa0;°C in the ternary PLA composites, while the crystallization time was reduced from &gt; 90&#xa0;min to approximately 10&#xa0;min. An optimal CF content of 13 wt% maximized nucleation efficiency, achieving 46.6% of crystallinity and refining spherulite morphology from &gt; 120 to 8–18 μm. This work establishes a critical pathway for designing fully biodegradable, high-performance PLA composites suitable for automotive and electronic applications via controlled crystallization.</p> Graphic abstract <p></p>

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Enhanced crystallization and structural refinement in polylactide via PHBV blending and ball-milled cellulose fiber modification

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月30日

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  • Tao Qiang,
  • Yasar Muhammad,
  • Atif Mujtaba

摘要

Polylactide (PLA) faces significant limitations in high-performance applications due to its inherent brittleness, low thermal resistance, and sluggish crystallization kinetics. While binary modifications exist, there is a knowledge gap regarding the synergistic mechanisms of ternary systems involving poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and surface-modified cellulose fibers (CF). This study fabricated the ternary CF/PLA/PHBV composites via melt compounding, incorporating CF modified by planetary ball milling (10, 30, and 60 min) at varying contents (4.8 to 20 wt%) into the PLA/PHBV (75:25) matrix. Then, comprehensive characterization was performed using DSC, XRD, POM, and TGA to evaluate its crystalline structure and thermal properties. The results revealed that PHBV and modified CF acted as effective heterogeneous nucleating agents, significantly accelerating crystallization kinetics. The cold crystallization temperature (Tc) decreased from 130.8 °C in neat PLA to 103.3 °C in the ternary PLA composites, while the crystallization time was reduced from > 90 min to approximately 10 min. An optimal CF content of 13 wt% maximized nucleation efficiency, achieving 46.6% of crystallinity and refining spherulite morphology from > 120 to 8–18 μm. This work establishes a critical pathway for designing fully biodegradable, high-performance PLA composites suitable for automotive and electronic applications via controlled crystallization.

Graphic abstract