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<p>Growing global interest in environmental sustainability and renewable energy has accelerated research on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), which convert otherwise wasted mechanical energy into usable electrical energy through contact electrification and electrostatic induction. Among various TENG configurations, liquid–solid TENGs (LS-TENGs) that harvest energy from rain, waves, and fluid motion offer practical advantages but suffer from low electrical output due to limited contact area and the difficulty of achieving rapid droplet–surface separation. In this study, a highly transparent, superhydrophobic dielectric layer was fabricated by controlling the thickness of silica nanoparticle structures formed through candle-soot templating and tetraethoxysilane-based chemical vapor deposition. The resulting coating exhibited optical transmittance above 80% and a water contact angle exceeding 170°, enabling efficient liquid–solid separation. To further enhance LS-TENG performance, an artificial negative surface charge was introduced via a simple corona discharge process, eliminating the need for complex micro/nano hierarchical structuring or additional surface treatments. This approach significantly improved surface charge density and increased the electrical output to approximately 15&#xa0;V, effectively overcoming the inherent limitations of conventional LS-TENGs. The demonstrated strategy provides a scalable, low-cost route for improving energy harvesting efficiency and highlights the strong potential of enhanced LS-TENGs for next-generation self-powered systems.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Transparent superhydrophobic silica nanostructures for high-performance liquid–solid triboelectric nanogenerators

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月9日

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  • Seungjoo Baek,
  • Mohammad Zarei,
  • Seung Goo Lee

摘要

Growing global interest in environmental sustainability and renewable energy has accelerated research on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), which convert otherwise wasted mechanical energy into usable electrical energy through contact electrification and electrostatic induction. Among various TENG configurations, liquid–solid TENGs (LS-TENGs) that harvest energy from rain, waves, and fluid motion offer practical advantages but suffer from low electrical output due to limited contact area and the difficulty of achieving rapid droplet–surface separation. In this study, a highly transparent, superhydrophobic dielectric layer was fabricated by controlling the thickness of silica nanoparticle structures formed through candle-soot templating and tetraethoxysilane-based chemical vapor deposition. The resulting coating exhibited optical transmittance above 80% and a water contact angle exceeding 170°, enabling efficient liquid–solid separation. To further enhance LS-TENG performance, an artificial negative surface charge was introduced via a simple corona discharge process, eliminating the need for complex micro/nano hierarchical structuring or additional surface treatments. This approach significantly improved surface charge density and increased the electrical output to approximately 15 V, effectively overcoming the inherent limitations of conventional LS-TENGs. The demonstrated strategy provides a scalable, low-cost route for improving energy harvesting efficiency and highlights the strong potential of enhanced LS-TENGs for next-generation self-powered systems.

Graphical abstract