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<p>The Bric-a-Brac/Tramtrack/Broad Complex (BTB) gene family plays an important role in plant stress responses, gene regulation, and functional diversification. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of the <i>BTB</i> gene family in barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i>), identifying 107 <i>HvBTB</i> genes using bioinformatics approaches. We systematically analysed their protein physicochemical properties, subcellular localisation, evolutionary relationships, gene structures, conserved motifs, regulatory elements, and expression characteristics to explore their potential roles in stress adaptation. Our results showed that HvBTB proteins are distributed across multiple cellular compartments, including the nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, indicating their involvement in diverse cellular processes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed substantial diversification among <i>HvBTB</i> genes, with the majority clustering into 11 distinct phylogenetic groups, while the core BTB domain remained conserved across all members. Further analysis of gene structures demonstrated marked variation in exon–intron organisation, suggesting structural diversification that may contribute to regulatory flexibility and functional specialisation. Promoter analysis identified numerous cis-acting regulatory elements associated with hormone signalling and abiotic stress responses, with a particular enrichment of drought-responsive elements. In addition, miRNA target prediction indicated that several <i>HvBTB</i> genes may be subject to post-transcriptional regulation. Network inferring using machine learning algorithms under normal and drought stress conditions revealed pronounced rewiring of regulatory relationships, including the emergence of new interactions under drought stress. Notably, <i>HvBTB-30</i>, <i>HvBTB-79</i>, and <i>HvBTB-53</i> exhibited increased network connectivity, highlighting their potential importance in coordinating stress-responsive regulatory processes. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the <i>BTB</i> gene family in barley and identifies candidate <i>HvBTB</i> genes that may contribute to stress tolerance, offering valuable resources for future functional studies and barley improvement programmes.</p>

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Genome-wide characterization highlights the regulatory network rewiring of BTB genes in barley under stress condition

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月15日

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  • Bahman Panahi,
  • Rasmieh Hamid,
  • Zahra Ghorbanzadeh,
  • Komal G. Lakhani,
  • Saber Golkari,
  • Feba Jacob

摘要

The Bric-a-Brac/Tramtrack/Broad Complex (BTB) gene family plays an important role in plant stress responses, gene regulation, and functional diversification. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of the BTB gene family in barley (Hordeum vulgare), identifying 107 HvBTB genes using bioinformatics approaches. We systematically analysed their protein physicochemical properties, subcellular localisation, evolutionary relationships, gene structures, conserved motifs, regulatory elements, and expression characteristics to explore their potential roles in stress adaptation. Our results showed that HvBTB proteins are distributed across multiple cellular compartments, including the nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, indicating their involvement in diverse cellular processes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed substantial diversification among HvBTB genes, with the majority clustering into 11 distinct phylogenetic groups, while the core BTB domain remained conserved across all members. Further analysis of gene structures demonstrated marked variation in exon–intron organisation, suggesting structural diversification that may contribute to regulatory flexibility and functional specialisation. Promoter analysis identified numerous cis-acting regulatory elements associated with hormone signalling and abiotic stress responses, with a particular enrichment of drought-responsive elements. In addition, miRNA target prediction indicated that several HvBTB genes may be subject to post-transcriptional regulation. Network inferring using machine learning algorithms under normal and drought stress conditions revealed pronounced rewiring of regulatory relationships, including the emergence of new interactions under drought stress. Notably, HvBTB-30, HvBTB-79, and HvBTB-53 exhibited increased network connectivity, highlighting their potential importance in coordinating stress-responsive regulatory processes. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the BTB gene family in barley and identifies candidate HvBTB genes that may contribute to stress tolerance, offering valuable resources for future functional studies and barley improvement programmes.