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<p>Chitosan–poly (acrylic acid) nanoparticles (CS–PAA NPs) were developed as a carrier system for Gallic acid (GA) to evaluate their physicochemical properties, release behavior, and in vitro biological effects. The optimized formulation exhibited a mean hydrodynamic diameter of 310 ± 33&#xa0;nm, a surface charge of + 8.8&#xa0;mV, and an encapsulation efficiency of 67%. Release studies demonstrated a sustained and pH-dependent release profile under different physiological conditions. In vitro analysis using the MTT assay showed that both free GA and GA–CS–PAA NPs reduced the metabolic activity of PC-3 prostate cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 97&#xa0;μg/mL (24&#xa0;h) and 37&#xa0;μg/mL (48&#xa0;h) for GA–CS–PAA NPs, compared to 44&#xa0;μg/mL and 41&#xa0;μg/mL for free GA. HEK-293 cells exhibited lower sensitivity under the tested conditions. Wound-healing assays demonstrated reduced wound closure following treatment; however, this effect may reflect combined influences on cell migration and proliferation. Gene expression analysis revealed upregulation of TP53 and BAX and downregulation of BCL2 and CCND1 in treated PC-3 cells. Overall, nano-encapsulation of GA within CS–PAA nanoparticles influenced drug release behavior and cellular responses. These findings suggest the potential of this system as a drug delivery platform, although further studies are required to confirm the underlying mechanisms.</p>

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Comparative evaluation of anti-cancer activity of free and nano-encapsulated gallic acid in PC-3 and HEK-293 cells

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月20日

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  • Fatemeh Fathali,
  • Ali Taravati,
  • Majid Tafrihi

摘要

Chitosan–poly (acrylic acid) nanoparticles (CS–PAA NPs) were developed as a carrier system for Gallic acid (GA) to evaluate their physicochemical properties, release behavior, and in vitro biological effects. The optimized formulation exhibited a mean hydrodynamic diameter of 310 ± 33 nm, a surface charge of + 8.8 mV, and an encapsulation efficiency of 67%. Release studies demonstrated a sustained and pH-dependent release profile under different physiological conditions. In vitro analysis using the MTT assay showed that both free GA and GA–CS–PAA NPs reduced the metabolic activity of PC-3 prostate cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 97 μg/mL (24 h) and 37 μg/mL (48 h) for GA–CS–PAA NPs, compared to 44 μg/mL and 41 μg/mL for free GA. HEK-293 cells exhibited lower sensitivity under the tested conditions. Wound-healing assays demonstrated reduced wound closure following treatment; however, this effect may reflect combined influences on cell migration and proliferation. Gene expression analysis revealed upregulation of TP53 and BAX and downregulation of BCL2 and CCND1 in treated PC-3 cells. Overall, nano-encapsulation of GA within CS–PAA nanoparticles influenced drug release behavior and cellular responses. These findings suggest the potential of this system as a drug delivery platform, although further studies are required to confirm the underlying mechanisms.