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<p>A tin oxide–iron oxide (SnO₂/Fe₃O₄) nanocomposite was successfully fabricated through a green synthesis route utilizing pomegranate peel extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The as-prepared nanocomposite demonstrated outstanding performance in the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye under UV irradiation. The material exhibited an average crystallite size of 18.5–22.5&#xa0;nm, a positive zeta potential of + 38 mV, and a saturation magnetization of 20 emu/g, ensuring high colloidal stability and easy magnetic recovery. Optical analyses confirmed a reduced band gap energy of 3.25&#xa0;eV compared to pure SnO₂ (3.35&#xa0;eV), indicating enhanced light absorption. Process optimization through Central Composite Design (CCD) determined the optimal operational conditions as pH 5.5, catalyst dosage 0.75&#xa0;g/L, and initial dye concentration 52.5&#xa0;mg/L, under which 83.4% degradation was achieved within 90&#xa0;min—closely matching the predicted efficiency (87%). The degradation followed a pseudo–first-order kinetic model with a rate constant of 0.0513&#xa0;min⁻¹. The calculated electrical energy consumption (E<sub>EC</sub>) was 124.76 kWh/m³. Addition of 200&#xa0;mg/L H₂O₂ and 3.5&#xa0;mg/L Fe²⁺ further accelerated the process, yielding complete (100%) dye degradation within 45&#xa0;min. COD analysis confirmed near-complete mineralization, and the catalyst retained over 85% activity after five successive reuse cycles. Overall, the results highlight SnO₂/Fe₃O₄ as a robust, magnetically separable, and eco-friendly photocatalyst for efficient treatment of dye-laden wastewater.</p>

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Green synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic activity of magnetic tin oxide nanocomposites: a case study of modeling and optimization of Rhodamine B degradation with RSM

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月22日

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  • Amir Azizi,
  • Minoo Shariati,
  • Saba Hatamipour,
  • Soheila Khaghaninejad,
  • Mansour Ghorbanpour

摘要

A tin oxide–iron oxide (SnO₂/Fe₃O₄) nanocomposite was successfully fabricated through a green synthesis route utilizing pomegranate peel extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The as-prepared nanocomposite demonstrated outstanding performance in the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye under UV irradiation. The material exhibited an average crystallite size of 18.5–22.5 nm, a positive zeta potential of + 38 mV, and a saturation magnetization of 20 emu/g, ensuring high colloidal stability and easy magnetic recovery. Optical analyses confirmed a reduced band gap energy of 3.25 eV compared to pure SnO₂ (3.35 eV), indicating enhanced light absorption. Process optimization through Central Composite Design (CCD) determined the optimal operational conditions as pH 5.5, catalyst dosage 0.75 g/L, and initial dye concentration 52.5 mg/L, under which 83.4% degradation was achieved within 90 min—closely matching the predicted efficiency (87%). The degradation followed a pseudo–first-order kinetic model with a rate constant of 0.0513 min⁻¹. The calculated electrical energy consumption (EEC) was 124.76 kWh/m³. Addition of 200 mg/L H₂O₂ and 3.5 mg/L Fe²⁺ further accelerated the process, yielding complete (100%) dye degradation within 45 min. COD analysis confirmed near-complete mineralization, and the catalyst retained over 85% activity after five successive reuse cycles. Overall, the results highlight SnO₂/Fe₃O₄ as a robust, magnetically separable, and eco-friendly photocatalyst for efficient treatment of dye-laden wastewater.