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<p>The release of pharmaceutical and synthetic dye pollutants into aquatic ecosystems presents a significant environmental concern due to their toxicity, persistence, and potential to promote antimicrobial resistance. This study aimed to assess the potential of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> for bioremediating Congo Red (CR), a toxic azo dye, and oxytetracycline (OTC), a commonly used antibiotic. <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> was characterized before and after adsorption using different techniques such as FTIR, SEM and XRD. The optimal removal conditions were determined by using the batch adsorption method to investigate various parameters, including pH, initial contaminant concentration, biomass dosage, and contact time. Adsorption isotherms and kinetics were best fitted using Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models, with maximum adsorption capacities reaching 75.26&#xa0;mg/g for CR and 69.55&#xa0;mg/g for OTC. The spent biomass was successfully converted to biodiesel via transesterification, with GC analysis showing a high content of palmitic acid methyl esters. The economic evaluation estimated a biomass production cost of USD 1.16/g, while green chemistry metrics confirmed the environmental sustainability of the process. These findings support the feasibility of using <i>C. vulgaris</i> as a dual-purpose system for phycoremediation and biofuel production.</p>

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Zero-waste biotechnological approach: bioremediation of oxytetracycline and congo red using Chlorella vulgaris biomass with subsequent biodiesel recovery

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月5日

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  • Alaa Elmesery,
  • Rehab Mahmoud,
  • Heba A. Younes,
  • Amal Zaher,
  • Sarah I. Othman,
  • Ahmed A. Allam,
  • Liyuan Hou,
  • Mostafa E. Elshobary

摘要

The release of pharmaceutical and synthetic dye pollutants into aquatic ecosystems presents a significant environmental concern due to their toxicity, persistence, and potential to promote antimicrobial resistance. This study aimed to assess the potential of Chlorella vulgaris for bioremediating Congo Red (CR), a toxic azo dye, and oxytetracycline (OTC), a commonly used antibiotic. Chlorella vulgaris was characterized before and after adsorption using different techniques such as FTIR, SEM and XRD. The optimal removal conditions were determined by using the batch adsorption method to investigate various parameters, including pH, initial contaminant concentration, biomass dosage, and contact time. Adsorption isotherms and kinetics were best fitted using Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models, with maximum adsorption capacities reaching 75.26 mg/g for CR and 69.55 mg/g for OTC. The spent biomass was successfully converted to biodiesel via transesterification, with GC analysis showing a high content of palmitic acid methyl esters. The economic evaluation estimated a biomass production cost of USD 1.16/g, while green chemistry metrics confirmed the environmental sustainability of the process. These findings support the feasibility of using C. vulgaris as a dual-purpose system for phycoremediation and biofuel production.