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<p>Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using aqueous fruit extracts of <i>Garcinia gummi-gutta</i> (Gg) and <i>Garcinia indica</i> (Gi) via a phyto-mediated approach. Characterization by UV–Vis, FT-IR, XRD, DLS, zeta potential, EDS, and HR-TEM confirmed nanoscale dimensions (5–32&#xa0;nm), crystalline structure, negative surface charge, and phytochemical-mediated capping. GC–MS profiling of the extracts identified bioactive metabolites responsible for Ag⁺ reduction and nanoparticle stabilization. Antifungal activity was assessed against four mucormycosis-causing fungi—<i>Absidia blakesleeana</i>, <i>Apophysomyces elegans</i>, <i>Mucor circinelloides</i>, and <i>Rhizopus arrhizus</i>—using disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays. Gg-AgNPs showed significantly larger inhibition zones (16 ± 0.5&#xa0;mm for <i>A. blakesleeana</i>; 14 ± 0.33&#xa0;mm for <i>M. circinelloides</i>) than Gi-AgNPs (10 ± 0.33&#xa0;mm and 10 ± 0.5&#xa0;mm, respectively) (p &lt; 0.001). MIC values were lower for Gg-AgNPs (15.625–62.5&#xa0;µg/mL), with <i>A. elegans</i> being the most susceptible. Synergistic assays revealed that Gg-AgNPs enhanced the efficacy of Amphotericin-B and Ketoconazole, increasing inhibition zones by up to 77% against <i>A. elegans</i> and 50% against <i>A. blakesleeana</i>. Statistical analyses (t test, two-way ANOVA) confirmed significant effects of nanoparticle type, fungal strain, and treatment modality (p &lt; 0.001). These results demonstrate that <i>Garcinia</i> fruit extracts serve as efficient bio-reductants for sustainable nanoparticle synthesis, and the resulting AgNPs possess potent, statistically validated anti-mucormycotic activity. This comparative study highlights their potential as eco-friendly nanotherapeutics and synergistic adjuvants against mucormycosis pathogens.</p>

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Phyto-mediated green synthesis and characterization of anti-mucormycotic silver nanoparticles from fruit extract of Garcinia gummi-gutta and Garcinia indica: a novel biofabrication approach for combating mucormycosis pathogens

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月8日

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  • Thippeswamy Basaiah,
  • Akarsh Subhakar

摘要

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using aqueous fruit extracts of Garcinia gummi-gutta (Gg) and Garcinia indica (Gi) via a phyto-mediated approach. Characterization by UV–Vis, FT-IR, XRD, DLS, zeta potential, EDS, and HR-TEM confirmed nanoscale dimensions (5–32 nm), crystalline structure, negative surface charge, and phytochemical-mediated capping. GC–MS profiling of the extracts identified bioactive metabolites responsible for Ag⁺ reduction and nanoparticle stabilization. Antifungal activity was assessed against four mucormycosis-causing fungi—Absidia blakesleeana, Apophysomyces elegans, Mucor circinelloides, and Rhizopus arrhizus—using disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays. Gg-AgNPs showed significantly larger inhibition zones (16 ± 0.5 mm for A. blakesleeana; 14 ± 0.33 mm for M. circinelloides) than Gi-AgNPs (10 ± 0.33 mm and 10 ± 0.5 mm, respectively) (p < 0.001). MIC values were lower for Gg-AgNPs (15.625–62.5 µg/mL), with A. elegans being the most susceptible. Synergistic assays revealed that Gg-AgNPs enhanced the efficacy of Amphotericin-B and Ketoconazole, increasing inhibition zones by up to 77% against A. elegans and 50% against A. blakesleeana. Statistical analyses (t test, two-way ANOVA) confirmed significant effects of nanoparticle type, fungal strain, and treatment modality (p < 0.001). These results demonstrate that Garcinia fruit extracts serve as efficient bio-reductants for sustainable nanoparticle synthesis, and the resulting AgNPs possess potent, statistically validated anti-mucormycotic activity. This comparative study highlights their potential as eco-friendly nanotherapeutics and synergistic adjuvants against mucormycosis pathogens.