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<p>A green and sustainable approach was employed to synthesize reduced graphene oxide (MCrGO) using <i>Morinda citrifolia</i> leaf extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The successful transformation of GO to MCrGO was confirmed through comprehensive spectroscopic and microscopic analyses. Raman spectroscopy exhibited slight shifts in the D and G bands, with an increase in the intensity ratio of D-band to G-band (I<sub>D</sub>/I<sub>G</sub>) ratio from 0.91 (GO) to 0.92 (MCrGO), suggesting enhanced structural disorder typically associated with effective reduction. Additionally, Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis revealed a marginal increase in the carbon/oxygen (C/O) atomic ratio from 3.49 (GO) to 3.53 (MCrGO), indicating efficient deoxygenation. Transmission Electron Microscopy images demonstrated the presence of ultra-thin, monolayered MCrGO nanosheets with characteristic wrinkles and corrugations, confirming morphological refinement. The biofunctional efficacy of MCrGO was evaluated through in vitro assays. MCrGO exhibited superior antioxidant activity with a maximum DPPH radical scavenging rate of 71.92% at 100&#xa0;µg/mL, compared to GO. Antibacterial analysis showed significant inhibition zones against G + ve: B <i>subtilis</i> (19.3 ± 0.7&#xa0;mm) and G-ve: <i>E. coli</i> (15.5 ± 0.3&#xa0;mm) at 100&#xa0;µg/mL, indicating potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Cytotoxicity assays on A549 lung cancer cells have shown 54.62 ± 1.6% cell viability reduction compared to 72.84 ± 1.58% by GO at 500&#xa0;µg/mL. The enhanced biological performance of MCrGO is attributed to the presence of phytoconstituents, including phenols and flavonoids, embedded during the bioreduction process. These findings highlight the potential of <i>M. citrifolia</i>-mediated MCrGO for applications in therapeutics and biomedicine.</p>

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Green synthesis of graphene oxide sheets via Morinda citrifolia leaf extract: a sustainable approach for multifunctional biomedical applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月4日

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  • Nathiya Thiyagarajulu,
  • Chinnaperumal Kamaraj,
  • Paramasivam Deepak,
  • M. Sonia Angeline,
  • Priya Josson Akkara,
  • L. Aranganathan,
  • Vanitha Marunganathan,
  • Alaa S. Alhegaili,
  • Ajay Guru

摘要

A green and sustainable approach was employed to synthesize reduced graphene oxide (MCrGO) using Morinda citrifolia leaf extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The successful transformation of GO to MCrGO was confirmed through comprehensive spectroscopic and microscopic analyses. Raman spectroscopy exhibited slight shifts in the D and G bands, with an increase in the intensity ratio of D-band to G-band (ID/IG) ratio from 0.91 (GO) to 0.92 (MCrGO), suggesting enhanced structural disorder typically associated with effective reduction. Additionally, Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis revealed a marginal increase in the carbon/oxygen (C/O) atomic ratio from 3.49 (GO) to 3.53 (MCrGO), indicating efficient deoxygenation. Transmission Electron Microscopy images demonstrated the presence of ultra-thin, monolayered MCrGO nanosheets with characteristic wrinkles and corrugations, confirming morphological refinement. The biofunctional efficacy of MCrGO was evaluated through in vitro assays. MCrGO exhibited superior antioxidant activity with a maximum DPPH radical scavenging rate of 71.92% at 100 µg/mL, compared to GO. Antibacterial analysis showed significant inhibition zones against G + ve: B subtilis (19.3 ± 0.7 mm) and G-ve: E. coli (15.5 ± 0.3 mm) at 100 µg/mL, indicating potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Cytotoxicity assays on A549 lung cancer cells have shown 54.62 ± 1.6% cell viability reduction compared to 72.84 ± 1.58% by GO at 500 µg/mL. The enhanced biological performance of MCrGO is attributed to the presence of phytoconstituents, including phenols and flavonoids, embedded during the bioreduction process. These findings highlight the potential of M. citrifolia-mediated MCrGO for applications in therapeutics and biomedicine.