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<p>Saltwater intrusion into coastal aquifers has emerged as a critical challenge in groundwater resource management. Excessive groundwater extraction disrupts the natural balance between fresh groundwater and seawater, alters the hydraulic gradient, and changes groundwater flow direction. This leads to the infiltration of saline water into the aquifer, and continued groundwater exploitation may lead to gradual salinization, deteriorating water quality over time. This process can cause irreparable damage to coastal aquifers, and repairing this damage requires significant time and cost. Therefore, implementing rigorous monitoring, controls, and appropriate management policies for coastal water resources can significantly reduce these losses. For this purpose, in this research, the quantitative and qualitative changes in the coastal aquifer along the southern shores of the Caspian Sea (Nowshahr–Nur plain) were investigated. MODFLOW was employed to simulate groundwater flow under varying extraction scenarios, incorporating key hydrological parameters, while SEAWAT was used to assess saltwater intrusion dynamics by integrating density-dependent flow and solute transport simulations. Groundwater flow was simulated over a 5-year period from October 2014 to September 2019. The simulation results indicate that the average error (root-mean-square error, RMSE) in the steady-state model is 0.364&#xa0;m, in the transient model is 0.347&#xa0;m, and the validation results show an average error of 0.311&#xa0;m. Saltwater intrusion in the Nowshahr–Nur aquifer extended up to 860&#xa0;m inland from the coastline, accompanied by a noticeable increase in salinity in the coastal strip during the simulation period. These results suggest that, if the current management practices continue, salinity levels will further increase, potentially causing irreparable damage to these areas in the coming years.</p>

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Numerical analysis of seawater intrusion problems in coastal aquifers

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月20日

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  • Iraj Saeedpanah,
  • Farshid Alizadeh,
  • Hamid Kardan moghaddam

摘要

Saltwater intrusion into coastal aquifers has emerged as a critical challenge in groundwater resource management. Excessive groundwater extraction disrupts the natural balance between fresh groundwater and seawater, alters the hydraulic gradient, and changes groundwater flow direction. This leads to the infiltration of saline water into the aquifer, and continued groundwater exploitation may lead to gradual salinization, deteriorating water quality over time. This process can cause irreparable damage to coastal aquifers, and repairing this damage requires significant time and cost. Therefore, implementing rigorous monitoring, controls, and appropriate management policies for coastal water resources can significantly reduce these losses. For this purpose, in this research, the quantitative and qualitative changes in the coastal aquifer along the southern shores of the Caspian Sea (Nowshahr–Nur plain) were investigated. MODFLOW was employed to simulate groundwater flow under varying extraction scenarios, incorporating key hydrological parameters, while SEAWAT was used to assess saltwater intrusion dynamics by integrating density-dependent flow and solute transport simulations. Groundwater flow was simulated over a 5-year period from October 2014 to September 2019. The simulation results indicate that the average error (root-mean-square error, RMSE) in the steady-state model is 0.364 m, in the transient model is 0.347 m, and the validation results show an average error of 0.311 m. Saltwater intrusion in the Nowshahr–Nur aquifer extended up to 860 m inland from the coastline, accompanied by a noticeable increase in salinity in the coastal strip during the simulation period. These results suggest that, if the current management practices continue, salinity levels will further increase, potentially causing irreparable damage to these areas in the coming years.