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<p>Alder species have the ability to colonize and reclaim mining and industrial sites. At these sites, <i>Parafrankia</i> and <i>Pseudofrankia</i> strains have been isolated from alder root nodules, despite alders typically being nodulated by <i>Frankia</i> species. Following isolation, these strains are unable to reinfect alders under lab-controlled conditions. These findings suggest that there may be an environmental factor that plays a role in inducing flexibility in the interaction between host plant and symbiont in degraded soils. To investigate this phenomenon, nodule formation and community dynamics of black alders (<i>Alnus glutinosa</i>) under low (0.1 mM) or high (1.0 mM) copper stress were observed with a typical alder symbiont, <i>Frankia</i> sp. QA3, and an <i>Elaeagnus</i>-infective, copper-tolerant strain, <i>Pseudofrankia inefficax</i> EuI1c or co-culture. Low copper-stressed plants had significantly better plant health scores when they were co-inoculated with both strains versus single-inoculation with QA3. At concentrations of copper &gt; 0.1 mM, the ability of <i>Frankia</i> sp. QA3 to nodulate its host plant was fully inhibited in both single- and co-inoculated conditions. Under low copper conditions, nodule occupancy was dominantly composed of <i>Frankia</i> sp. QA3 (&gt; 99%), but a small amount of <i>P. inefficax</i> gDNA was detected within nodules of all co-inoculated seedlings. These results suggest that copper treatment in this study was not the cause of the low levels of host-symbiont promiscuity. Additionally, co-inoculation of alder seedlings increased overall plant health, growth, and nodule production in the presence of no- and low-copper treatment, suggesting a role for <i>P. inefficax</i> EuI1c in plant establishment and survival regardless of nodule occupancy.</p>

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The beneficial role of the atypical symbiont Pseudofrankia inefficax EuI1c (Nod+/Fix-) on copper-stressed Alnus glutinosa seedlings

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月17日

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  • Megan Garcia,
  • Louis S. Tisa

摘要

Alder species have the ability to colonize and reclaim mining and industrial sites. At these sites, Parafrankia and Pseudofrankia strains have been isolated from alder root nodules, despite alders typically being nodulated by Frankia species. Following isolation, these strains are unable to reinfect alders under lab-controlled conditions. These findings suggest that there may be an environmental factor that plays a role in inducing flexibility in the interaction between host plant and symbiont in degraded soils. To investigate this phenomenon, nodule formation and community dynamics of black alders (Alnus glutinosa) under low (0.1 mM) or high (1.0 mM) copper stress were observed with a typical alder symbiont, Frankia sp. QA3, and an Elaeagnus-infective, copper-tolerant strain, Pseudofrankia inefficax EuI1c or co-culture. Low copper-stressed plants had significantly better plant health scores when they were co-inoculated with both strains versus single-inoculation with QA3. At concentrations of copper > 0.1 mM, the ability of Frankia sp. QA3 to nodulate its host plant was fully inhibited in both single- and co-inoculated conditions. Under low copper conditions, nodule occupancy was dominantly composed of Frankia sp. QA3 (> 99%), but a small amount of P. inefficax gDNA was detected within nodules of all co-inoculated seedlings. These results suggest that copper treatment in this study was not the cause of the low levels of host-symbiont promiscuity. Additionally, co-inoculation of alder seedlings increased overall plant health, growth, and nodule production in the presence of no- and low-copper treatment, suggesting a role for P. inefficax EuI1c in plant establishment and survival regardless of nodule occupancy.