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<p>The phyllosphere, which comprises the aerial surfaces of plants, constitutes an extensive yet environmentally demanding microbial habitat that significantly influences plant health and defense mechanisms. This review consolidates contemporary insights into the pathways through which the phyllosphere microbiome counteracts plant pathogens, showcasing a diverse array of strategies. These mechanisms include direct antagonistic interactions (antibiosis, nutrient competition, parasitism) and indirect defense via induced systemic resistance (ISR). Critically, the emergent properties of the entire microbial community, termed the phytoimmunome, create a synergistic defensive network far more robust and reliable than any single biocontrol agent. A critical evaluation is provided on the processes involved in the isolation, development, and field deployment of microbial biocontrol agents (MBCAs), underscoring the persistent difficulty of achieving reliable field efficacy amidst variable environmental conditions and complex ecological interactions. The review further advocates for the incorporation of microbiome-based approaches into comprehensive Integrated Pest Management (IPM) systems, framing MBCAs as integral elements rather than standalone solutions within sustainable agricultural practices. This encompasses the development of synergistic relationships with existing control methods and the promotion of crop breeding initiatives aimed at enhancing beneficial microbiome recruitment. Future directions are explored, stressing the importance of utilizing omics technologies for deeper mechanistic insight, designing synthetic microbial communities (SynComs), addressing regulatory challenges, and proving economic feasibility to encourage farmer uptake. Achieving the full potential of phyllosphere microbiome applications necessitates integrated collaboration across scientific and practical domains to advance the development of robust and sustainable agricultural systems.</p>

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Phyllosphere microbiome-mediated plant defense: from natural biocontrol to integrated pest management

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月13日

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  • Pankaj Kumar,
  • Aditya Pathak,
  • Himanshu Kumar,
  • Garima Sharma,
  • Prashant Mishra,
  • Mahesh Kumar Bharti,
  • Kamal Khilari

摘要

The phyllosphere, which comprises the aerial surfaces of plants, constitutes an extensive yet environmentally demanding microbial habitat that significantly influences plant health and defense mechanisms. This review consolidates contemporary insights into the pathways through which the phyllosphere microbiome counteracts plant pathogens, showcasing a diverse array of strategies. These mechanisms include direct antagonistic interactions (antibiosis, nutrient competition, parasitism) and indirect defense via induced systemic resistance (ISR). Critically, the emergent properties of the entire microbial community, termed the phytoimmunome, create a synergistic defensive network far more robust and reliable than any single biocontrol agent. A critical evaluation is provided on the processes involved in the isolation, development, and field deployment of microbial biocontrol agents (MBCAs), underscoring the persistent difficulty of achieving reliable field efficacy amidst variable environmental conditions and complex ecological interactions. The review further advocates for the incorporation of microbiome-based approaches into comprehensive Integrated Pest Management (IPM) systems, framing MBCAs as integral elements rather than standalone solutions within sustainable agricultural practices. This encompasses the development of synergistic relationships with existing control methods and the promotion of crop breeding initiatives aimed at enhancing beneficial microbiome recruitment. Future directions are explored, stressing the importance of utilizing omics technologies for deeper mechanistic insight, designing synthetic microbial communities (SynComs), addressing regulatory challenges, and proving economic feasibility to encourage farmer uptake. Achieving the full potential of phyllosphere microbiome applications necessitates integrated collaboration across scientific and practical domains to advance the development of robust and sustainable agricultural systems.