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<p>Insect gut provides a conducive environment for the colonization of microbes and the endosymbiotic microflora extend various beneficial services to the hosts. The subterranean termite, <i>Coptotermes heimi</i>, is an invasive pest species infesting plants, wood, wood products, silos of grain or any material containing cellulose. The gut microflora facilitates the survival of termites by the digestion of lignocellulose biomass in the wood. Therefore, termite control can be achieved by the disruption of gut symbiont populations. In the present study two bacterial strains capable of digesting cellulose were isolated from the hindgut of <i>C. heimi</i> and identified as <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> and <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i> based on biochemical and 16S rRNA partial gene sequencing. In addition to cellulase both the isolates exhibit laccase and xylanase activity. Cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL), a by-product of the cashew industry is evaluated for its termiticidal and bactericidal activity. FT-IR analyses of CNSL revealed the presence of key functional groups like phenolic OH, aromatic rings, aliphatic chains and unsaturation. GC-MS analysis indicates the presence of four distinct alkyl phenols with different alkyl sidechains without any interference. The chemical profile of CNSL illustrates the rich phenolic content dominated by cardanol-type compounds. CNSL exhibits a dose-dependent inhibitory efficiency against the symbiotic microbes with termiticidal activity.</p>

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Targeting cellulase digesting symbiotic bacteria as a tool for controlling subterranean termite, Coptotermes heimi (Rhinotermitidae) infestation using cashew nut shell liquid

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月1日

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  • J. Jenifer Annis Christy,
  • S. Padmavathy,
  • S. Lok Kirubahar,
  • R M. Murugappan

摘要

Insect gut provides a conducive environment for the colonization of microbes and the endosymbiotic microflora extend various beneficial services to the hosts. The subterranean termite, Coptotermes heimi, is an invasive pest species infesting plants, wood, wood products, silos of grain or any material containing cellulose. The gut microflora facilitates the survival of termites by the digestion of lignocellulose biomass in the wood. Therefore, termite control can be achieved by the disruption of gut symbiont populations. In the present study two bacterial strains capable of digesting cellulose were isolated from the hindgut of C. heimi and identified as Bacillus subtilis and Enterobacter cloacae based on biochemical and 16S rRNA partial gene sequencing. In addition to cellulase both the isolates exhibit laccase and xylanase activity. Cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL), a by-product of the cashew industry is evaluated for its termiticidal and bactericidal activity. FT-IR analyses of CNSL revealed the presence of key functional groups like phenolic OH, aromatic rings, aliphatic chains and unsaturation. GC-MS analysis indicates the presence of four distinct alkyl phenols with different alkyl sidechains without any interference. The chemical profile of CNSL illustrates the rich phenolic content dominated by cardanol-type compounds. CNSL exhibits a dose-dependent inhibitory efficiency against the symbiotic microbes with termiticidal activity.