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<p>Frequency stability of an isolated microgrid (MG) is a critical issue in modern energy systems, due to the increasing level of renewable energy sources (RES). Frequency stability is vital for the proper functioning of an isolated MG. Renewable sources, though beneficial, often lack the necessary inertia and responsiveness to frequency deviations. This research aims to evaluate and enhance the frequency regulation (FR) of MG having solar photovoltaic (PV), a deloaded tidal power plant (TPP), biogas, and to explore supplementary support of superconducting magnetic energy storage systems (SMES). With increased RES penetration in MG, grid stability is challenged due to damping, low inertia, and uncertainties. This leads to issues such as power fluctuations, FR degradation, and voltage rise, among others. To improve stability by providing virtual inertia (VI) through virtual synchronous generators (VSGs) using an appropriate control mechanism is necessary. VSGs are a key technology in this regard, as they replicate inertia characteristics of traditional synchronous generators using advanced control mechanisms and power electronics inverters/converters coupled with short-term energy storage. In this study, role of deloaded TPP in FR is assessed using control methods such as inertia control (IC) and droop control (DC) using a proportional integral derivative (PID) controller. A fractional tilt integral derivative filter (FRTIDF) controller is used to generate a control signal for the biogas and SMES unit. Both PID and FRTIDF controller parameters are optimized with the Pufferfish optimisation algorithm (POA). Sensitivity of POA is analysed performing non-parametric statistical test. Utilization of Integral Time multiplied Absolute Error (ITAE) serves as a performance metric for the purpose of enhancing the efficiency of the controller. Comparison of results with TIDF and PIDF has been carried out with FRTIDF. Examination and evaluation of outcomes reveal that the recommended control approach exhibits superior performance in terms of FR and preservation of stability of the MG system when compared to alternative controllers, whether a VI control loop is present or not. Additionally, it is evident that the incorporation of VI results in the most optimal dynamic response when paired with the proposed controller. Finally, the superiority of the proposed controller is tested with the standard IEEE-39 bus system.</p>

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Frequency control of standalone microgrid with POA optimised FRTIDF controller supported by virtual emulation inertia

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月19日

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  • Ruturaj Pattanayak,
  • Banaja Mohanty,
  • Prangya Mohanty

摘要

Frequency stability of an isolated microgrid (MG) is a critical issue in modern energy systems, due to the increasing level of renewable energy sources (RES). Frequency stability is vital for the proper functioning of an isolated MG. Renewable sources, though beneficial, often lack the necessary inertia and responsiveness to frequency deviations. This research aims to evaluate and enhance the frequency regulation (FR) of MG having solar photovoltaic (PV), a deloaded tidal power plant (TPP), biogas, and to explore supplementary support of superconducting magnetic energy storage systems (SMES). With increased RES penetration in MG, grid stability is challenged due to damping, low inertia, and uncertainties. This leads to issues such as power fluctuations, FR degradation, and voltage rise, among others. To improve stability by providing virtual inertia (VI) through virtual synchronous generators (VSGs) using an appropriate control mechanism is necessary. VSGs are a key technology in this regard, as they replicate inertia characteristics of traditional synchronous generators using advanced control mechanisms and power electronics inverters/converters coupled with short-term energy storage. In this study, role of deloaded TPP in FR is assessed using control methods such as inertia control (IC) and droop control (DC) using a proportional integral derivative (PID) controller. A fractional tilt integral derivative filter (FRTIDF) controller is used to generate a control signal for the biogas and SMES unit. Both PID and FRTIDF controller parameters are optimized with the Pufferfish optimisation algorithm (POA). Sensitivity of POA is analysed performing non-parametric statistical test. Utilization of Integral Time multiplied Absolute Error (ITAE) serves as a performance metric for the purpose of enhancing the efficiency of the controller. Comparison of results with TIDF and PIDF has been carried out with FRTIDF. Examination and evaluation of outcomes reveal that the recommended control approach exhibits superior performance in terms of FR and preservation of stability of the MG system when compared to alternative controllers, whether a VI control loop is present or not. Additionally, it is evident that the incorporation of VI results in the most optimal dynamic response when paired with the proposed controller. Finally, the superiority of the proposed controller is tested with the standard IEEE-39 bus system.