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<p>According to the World Health Organization (WHO), foodborne diseases result in the loss of approximately 33 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) annually worldwide, presenting a major public health challenge. Moreover, contaminated food leads to 125,000 deaths every year among children under the age of five, highlighting the increased vulnerability of this demographic. Additionally, the economic impact of unsafe food is substantial, with annual costs reaching approximately $110 billion, primarily due to lost productivity and medical expenses, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. These statistics emphasize the critical need for enhanced food safety measures to mitigate both health and economic impacts on a global scale. The scope of this review is to explore the transformative potential of blockchain-driven Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) on creating secure and traceable food systems within Web 3.0 framework. While blockchain and other cutting-edge technologies have been widely discussed in food traceability, the specific role of NFTs in food systems remain underexplored. Unlike prior reviews that primarily focus on general blockchain applications, this review addresses that gap by examining the use of NFTs as unique digital representations of food products, enabling enhanced traceability, authentication, and consumer engagement in current food supply chains. This review also integrates technical, regulatory, and consumer perspectives to develop a conceptual framework for NFT-enabled food traceability system. In addition, existing NFT marketplaces, the role of NFTs in the food sector, key NFT applications in food businesses, as well as the associated benefits and challenges, are examined. Key finding indicates that blockchain food NFTs significantly improve traceability and accountability, reduce food fraud, and provide consumers with verified information regarding product origin and quality. However, challenges related to adoption costs, regulatory frameworks, and technological interoperability still exist. Besides, NFTs offer promising solutions for a secure food system, further research and collaboration are necessary to overcome current limitations and drive widespread adoption in the food industry.</p>

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Blockchain non-fungible tokens for secure, sustainable, and traceable food systems in Web 3.0 era: a review of NFT marketplaces, sectoral applications, global adoption, potential benefits, and challenges

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月7日

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  • V. Sri Vigna Hema,
  • Annamalai Manickavasagan

摘要

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), foodborne diseases result in the loss of approximately 33 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) annually worldwide, presenting a major public health challenge. Moreover, contaminated food leads to 125,000 deaths every year among children under the age of five, highlighting the increased vulnerability of this demographic. Additionally, the economic impact of unsafe food is substantial, with annual costs reaching approximately $110 billion, primarily due to lost productivity and medical expenses, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. These statistics emphasize the critical need for enhanced food safety measures to mitigate both health and economic impacts on a global scale. The scope of this review is to explore the transformative potential of blockchain-driven Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) on creating secure and traceable food systems within Web 3.0 framework. While blockchain and other cutting-edge technologies have been widely discussed in food traceability, the specific role of NFTs in food systems remain underexplored. Unlike prior reviews that primarily focus on general blockchain applications, this review addresses that gap by examining the use of NFTs as unique digital representations of food products, enabling enhanced traceability, authentication, and consumer engagement in current food supply chains. This review also integrates technical, regulatory, and consumer perspectives to develop a conceptual framework for NFT-enabled food traceability system. In addition, existing NFT marketplaces, the role of NFTs in the food sector, key NFT applications in food businesses, as well as the associated benefits and challenges, are examined. Key finding indicates that blockchain food NFTs significantly improve traceability and accountability, reduce food fraud, and provide consumers with verified information regarding product origin and quality. However, challenges related to adoption costs, regulatory frameworks, and technological interoperability still exist. Besides, NFTs offer promising solutions for a secure food system, further research and collaboration are necessary to overcome current limitations and drive widespread adoption in the food industry.