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<p>Torch ginger (<i>Etlingera elatior</i>) flower, valued for its culinary applications and potent antioxidant properties, is increasingly processed into dried forms for use in functional and value-added products. However, the influence of different drying methods on its bioactive constituents remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of freeze drying, oven drying, and fluidized bed drying on the antioxidant activity and phytochemical composition of methanolic torch ginger flower extracts. Fluidized bed drying yielded the highest antioxidant activity (22.204 ± 0.214&#xa0;mg TEAC/g dry extract), followed by oven drying and freeze drying. ATR-FTIR analysis revealed that drying treatments altered key functional groups, as evidenced by clear clustering patterns in the Discriminant Analysis results. Correlation of FTIR spectral features with antioxidant activity highlighted the 877.19–854.65&#xa0;cm⁻1 region, associated with C–H deformation of aromatic structures, as strongly predictive of antioxidant capacity, particularly in extracts derived from fluidized bed drying. UHPLC-HRMS profiling supported these findings by identifying phenolic compounds including (+)-Procyanidin B2, Citric Acid, Cianidanol, 4-Hydroxycoumarin, and Chlorogenic Acid with the highest levels detected in fluidized bed–dried samples. The results demonstrate that fluidized bed drying is the most preferred method for preserving antioxidant phytochemicals in torch ginger flowers for commercial processing.</p>

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The impact of different drying methods on the antioxidant compounds in torch ginger flowers as revealed by ATR-FTIR fingerprint and multivariate data analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月28日

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  • Baiq Nuzulina,
  • Dian Herawati,
  • Nanda Marizky,
  • Pattarawadee Sumthong Nakmee,
  • Taddaow Khumpook,
  • Nancy Dewi Yuliana

摘要

Torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) flower, valued for its culinary applications and potent antioxidant properties, is increasingly processed into dried forms for use in functional and value-added products. However, the influence of different drying methods on its bioactive constituents remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of freeze drying, oven drying, and fluidized bed drying on the antioxidant activity and phytochemical composition of methanolic torch ginger flower extracts. Fluidized bed drying yielded the highest antioxidant activity (22.204 ± 0.214 mg TEAC/g dry extract), followed by oven drying and freeze drying. ATR-FTIR analysis revealed that drying treatments altered key functional groups, as evidenced by clear clustering patterns in the Discriminant Analysis results. Correlation of FTIR spectral features with antioxidant activity highlighted the 877.19–854.65 cm⁻1 region, associated with C–H deformation of aromatic structures, as strongly predictive of antioxidant capacity, particularly in extracts derived from fluidized bed drying. UHPLC-HRMS profiling supported these findings by identifying phenolic compounds including (+)-Procyanidin B2, Citric Acid, Cianidanol, 4-Hydroxycoumarin, and Chlorogenic Acid with the highest levels detected in fluidized bed–dried samples. The results demonstrate that fluidized bed drying is the most preferred method for preserving antioxidant phytochemicals in torch ginger flowers for commercial processing.