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<p>This study evaluated the effects of particle size and pulsed ultrasound on the efficiency of ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction (aq-UAE) of polyphenols (TPC), betaxanthins (BX), and betacyanins (BC) from beet leaves. Four particle sizes (PS), from 1&#xa0;cm<sup>2</sup> pieces to a paste, were tested with both conventional extraction and aq-UAE. Reduced PS increased extraction yields in both methods, and ultrasound enhanced yields across all sizes, with variations by compound type. In a second experiment, pulsed ultrasound treatments were applied in 75 cycles of 4&#xa0;s each, with varying on/off times: 4/0, 3/1, 2/2, and 1/3 for U100 (continuous), U75, U50, and U25, respectively. Bioactive concentrations were measured at 75&#xa0;s of sonication and at 300&#xa0;s total. Pulsed treatments (U75, U50, U25) resulted in up to 29% lower final temperatures compared to U100, while maintaining or improving extraction yields for TPC, BX, and BC. Pulsed treatments achieved similar or higher yields in the same extraction time, significantly reducing energy use. These results suggest pulsed ultrasound as a viable method for intensifying the sustainable extraction of bioactive compounds from beet leaves, with effectiveness influenced by PS and compound type.</p>

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Intensification of aqueous ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from beet leaves through particle size reduction and pulsed mode

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月6日

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  • Marcia Correa De Carvalho,
  • Antonella Ailín Zarbo Colombo,
  • Rosa Juana Jagus,
  • María Victoria Agüero

摘要

This study evaluated the effects of particle size and pulsed ultrasound on the efficiency of ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction (aq-UAE) of polyphenols (TPC), betaxanthins (BX), and betacyanins (BC) from beet leaves. Four particle sizes (PS), from 1 cm2 pieces to a paste, were tested with both conventional extraction and aq-UAE. Reduced PS increased extraction yields in both methods, and ultrasound enhanced yields across all sizes, with variations by compound type. In a second experiment, pulsed ultrasound treatments were applied in 75 cycles of 4 s each, with varying on/off times: 4/0, 3/1, 2/2, and 1/3 for U100 (continuous), U75, U50, and U25, respectively. Bioactive concentrations were measured at 75 s of sonication and at 300 s total. Pulsed treatments (U75, U50, U25) resulted in up to 29% lower final temperatures compared to U100, while maintaining or improving extraction yields for TPC, BX, and BC. Pulsed treatments achieved similar or higher yields in the same extraction time, significantly reducing energy use. These results suggest pulsed ultrasound as a viable method for intensifying the sustainable extraction of bioactive compounds from beet leaves, with effectiveness influenced by PS and compound type.